Mouse treatment

The effects of experimental treatments and genetic interventions (gene knockout) on the course of infection and pathology in murine malaria models are listed in this part of the database. For each molecule, data about the genetic background of the mouse strain (and number of backcrosses), parasite species, inoculum size (pRBC), details of the treatment/knockout, effect on parasitemia, pathology and survival, additional data of the effects of the treatments (e.g. on expression of other factors), references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: ALI, acute lung injury; anti-…; treatment with depleting antibodies; CM, experimental cerebral malaria (when indicated the incidence is included between brackets, e.g. CM (100%) means that 100% of the mice suffered from cerebral pathology); EG, experimental group; HP&A, hyperparasitemia and anemia; i.p., intraperitoneal administration; MA-ARDS, malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome; N.I., not indicated; p.o., oral administration; r, recombinant; R, receptor; s, soluble; ♂ male mice; ♀ female mice; -/-, gene knockout mice; +, and/positive (example1: rIL-1a + anti-IFN-g: mice were treated with recombinant IL-1a and antibodies to deplete IFN-g; example2: CD4+ T cells, CD4 positive T cells); ↑, increased; ↓, decreased; ~, on average

Molecule/Cell

Plasmodium strain

Experimental treatment group (EG)

Dynamic Fields

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Mouse genetic background (Con)	Experimental treatment group (EG)	Lethal infection (Con)	Lethal infection (EG)	Pathology (Con)	Pathology (EG)	Parasitemia (EG vs Con)	Additional phenotypes (EG vs Con)	Refs	PubMed
CD4/CD8	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	anti-CD4 and anti-CD8	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak and developed a high, persistent parasitemia	Similar parasite-specific IgM early during infection and no IgG	Süss et al., 1988, Infect Immun	Link
CD4/CD8	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	CBA/CaJ	anti-CD4 + adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ splenocytes	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	No parasite clearance	N.I.	Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol	Link
CD4/CD8/B cells	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	CBA/CaJ	anti-CD4 + adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ and B+ splenocytes	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	No parasite clearance	N.I.	Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol	Link
CD40	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	CD40 -/-	yes	no (at the end of observation day 12)	CM (100%)	No CM	Similar	Prolonged survival (›day 12); ↓ thrombocytopenia and hypothermia; Brain: ↓ macrophage sequestration; no edema; ↑ TNF-a and ↓ ICAM-1 mRNA expression; Lung: ↓ macrophage sequestration; similar sequestration of pRBCs, PMNs and platelets; no edema; % pRBCs alveolar capillaries › % pRBCs in large blood vessels (similar to WT); ↑ TNF-a and ↓ ICAM-1; Spleen: similar splenomegaly, TNF-a and ↓ ICAM-1 mRNA expression	Piguet et al., 2001, Am J Pathol	Link
CD40L	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	CD40L -/-	yes	no (at the end of observation day 12)	CM (100%)	No CM	Similar	Prolonged survival (›day 12); ↓ thrombocytopenia and hypothermia; Brain: ↓ macrophage sequestration; ↓ TNF-a and ICAM-1 mRNA expression; ↑ TNF-a and ICAM-1 mRNA expression; Spleen: ↓ splenomegaly; ↑ TNF-a and ICAM-1 mRNA expression	Piguet et al., 2001, Am J Pathol	Link
CD40L	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	anti-CD40L	yes	N.I.	CM (100%)	N.I.	Similar	↓ thrombocytopenia and hypothermia; some mice had ↓ macrophage sequestration in brain whereas other mice had ↑ macrophage and lymphocyte sequestration	Piguet et al., 2001, Am J Pathol	Link
CD40L	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	anti-CD40L	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	↓ thrombocytopenia and ↓ microparticles in plasma	Piguet et al., 2002, Apoptosis	Link
CD41/CD61 (gpIIb/IIIa)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-CD41 (early treatment)	yes	9% (at the end of observation day 12)	CM (100%)	CM (9%)	Similar	Prolonged survival; ↓ CD41+ platelets in circulation	Sun et al., 2003, Infect Immun	Link
CD41/CD61 (gpIIb/IIIa)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-CD41 (early treatment)	yes	12,5% (at the end of observation day 14)	CM (100%)	CM (12,5%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (not with late treatment); ↓ CD41+CD61+, CD41-CD61+ and similar CD41-CD61- platelets in circulation; ↑ plasma IL-10, IL-1a, IL-6, IFN-g, TNF-a, fibrinogen,↓ plasma IL-2 and similar plasma factor VII, TF and vWF	Van der Heyde et al., 2005, Blood	Link
CD41/CD61 (gpIIb/IIIa)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-CD61 (early treatment)	yes	60% (at the end of observation day 14)	CM (100%)	CM (60%)	Similar	↓ CD41+CD61+, CD41+CD61- and similar CD41-CD61- platelets in circulation	Van der Heyde et al., 2005, Blood	Link
CD54 (ICAM-1)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	anti-ICAM-1	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Falanga et al., 1991, Eur J Immunol	Link
CD54 (ICAM-1)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	ICAM-1-/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (20%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (1-3 weeks); no neurologic symptoms; ↑ blood leukocytes and ↓ thrombocytopenia; ↓ serum TNF-a, similar serum IFN-g and NO3-; ↑ TNF-a mRNA expression in brain, similar TNF-a mRNA expression in lungs and spleen; similar VCAM expression in brain capillaries; similar macrophage accumulation in brain; ↓ macrophage, pRBC and similar PMN, platelet accumulation in lung	Favre et al., 1999, Microbes Infect	Link
CD54 (ICAM-1)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	anti-ICAM-1	yes	yes	CM (100%)	Toxicity or CM	Similar	Earlier death (hours after antibody injection)	Grau et al., 1991, Eur J Immunol	Link
CD54 (ICAM-1)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	soluble ICAM-1	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (days)	Grau et al., 1991, Eur J Immunol	Link
CD54 (ICAM-1)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	ICAM-1-/-	yes	33% (at the end of observation day 14)	CM (100%)	CM (33%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (1-3 weeks); similar leukocyte rolling and adhesion in brain microvasculature;	Li et al., 2003, J Investig Med	Link
CD54 (ICAM-1)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	ICAM-1-/-	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	% pRBCs alveolar capillaries = % pRBCs in large blood vessels of lung (in contrast to WT)	Piguet et al., 2001, Am J Pathol	Link
CD54 (ICAM-1)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	ICAM-1-/-	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	↓ platelet rolling and adhesion in brain microvasculature	Sun et al., 2003, Infect Immun	Link
CD62L (L-selectin, LECAM-1)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	anti-L-selectin	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Falanga et al., 1991, Eur J Immunol	Link
CD62P (P-selectin)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	P-selectin -/-	yes	80% (at the end of observation day 14)	CM (100%)	CM (80%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (days); ↓leukocyte rolling and similar adhesion on the brain endothelium (also in uninfected P-selectin deficient mice compared to uninfected WT mice)	Chang et al., 2003, Infect Immun	Link
CD62P (P-selectin)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 x 129/Sv	P-selectin -/-	yes	yes	CM (80%)	CM (4.5 %)	Similar	Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks); no neurological symptoms; similar platelet and leukocyte sequestration in brain vessels; chimeric mice lacking endothelial P-selectin were protected whereas chimeric mice lacking platelet P-selectin showed symptoms of CM (57.1 %)	Combes et al., 2004, Am J Pathol	Link
CD62P (P-selectin)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/J	anti-P-selectin	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (90%)	Similar	N.I.	Combes et al., 2004, Am J Pathol	Link
CD62P (P-selectin)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	P-selectin -/-	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Similar thrombocytopenia	Sun et al., 2003, Infect Immun	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	anti-CD8	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	Similar	Prolonged survival (1-2 weeks); both early and late (prior to the onset of neurological symptoms) treatment inhibited CM	Beghdadi et al., 2008, J Exp Med	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	anti-CD8 (late treatment)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	N.I.	Prolonged survival (1-2 weeks)	Belnoue et al., 2003, Infect Immun	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	129P2Sv/Ev	anti-CD8 (late treatment)	yes	yes	CM (60-100%)	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Belnoue et al., 2008, Parasite Immunol.	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	129/Sv x C57BL/6	CD8 -/-	yes	yes	CM (53%)	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Boubou et al., 1999, Int Immunol	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-CD8	yes	yes	CM	No CM	Similar	↓ Evans Blue leakage in brain, lungs, kidneys and heart; ↓ edema in brain, lungs and kidneys; no cracked skull; ↓ serum lactate, HCO3- and glutamate (similar to uninfected mice); ↑ blood pH (similar to normal); similar mean arterial blood flow; ↑ cardiac output (similar to uninfected mice)	Chang et al., 2001, Infect Immun	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	anti-CD8	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	Delayed	Prolonged survival (1-2 weeks); both early and late (prior to the onset of neurological symptoms) treatment inhibited CM; no neurological or respiratory symptoms	Egima et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	anti-CD8 (early treatment)	yes	yes	CM (94%)	No CM	Similar	Prolonged survival (1-2 weeks); both early and late (prior to the onset of neurological symptoms) treatment inhibited CM	Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasitology	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-CD8	yes	yes	CM (80%)	No CM	Transiently decreased 72 h post treatment	Prolonged survival (1-2 weeks) when treated on the onset of CM; temporary improvement of clinical score; ↓ sequestration of pRBC that are transgenic for a luciferase gene	Randall et al., 2008, Infect Immun	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA	anti-CD8	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (30%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (1-2 weeks) when treated on the onset of CM; stabilization of clinical score; ↓ sequestration of pRBC that are transgenic for a luciferase gene	Randall et al., 2008, Infect Immun	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	anti-CD8 (early treatment)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	Similar	Prolonged survival (1-2 weeks)	Yañez et al., 1996, J Immunol	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	anti-CD8 (early treatment)	yes	yes	CM (67%)	No CM	Similar	N.I.	Yañez et al., 1999, Infect Immun	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	anti-CD8 (late treatment)	yes	yes	CM (67%)	CM (67%)	Similar	N.I.	Yañez et al., 1999, Infect Immun	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6J	anti-CD8 (early treatment)	yes	yes	CM (91%)	CM (8%)	Similar	N.I.	Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasitology	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6J	anti-CD8 (late treatment)	yes	yes	CM (91%)	CM (0-25%)	Similar	N.I.	Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasitology	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/10	anti-CD8 (early treatment)	yes	yes	CM (75%)	CM (25%)	Similar	N.I.	Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasitology	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6J	anti-CD8 (late treatment)	yes	yes	MA-ARDS (90%)	Attenuated MA-ARDS	N.I.	↓ lung weight, alveolar edema and cellular infiltration	Van den Steen et al., 2010, Am J Crit Care Med	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei NK65	CBA/JNCrj	anti-CD8	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Prolonged survival (1-2 weeks)	Waki et al., 1992, Immunology	Link
CD8	Plasmodium berghei XAT	CBA/JNCrj	anti-CD8	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Resistant to P. berghei NK65 challenge infection	Waki et al., 1992, Immunology	Link
CD8	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	anti-CD8	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	↓ serum IFN-g	Meding et al., 1990, Infect Immun	Link
CD8	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6NCrlBR	anti-CD8	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar peak and developed 2 major recrudescences	The 2 major recrudescendes coincided with the ↑ level of reticulocytosis, which returned to normal level when the parasites were cleared from the circulation	Podoba et al., 1991, Infect Immun	Link
CD8	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	anti-CD8	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Slightly increased peak	Similar parasite-specific IgM and IgG	Süss et al., 1988, Infect Immun	Link
CD8	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C57BL/6	anti-CD8	no	yes (~20%)	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Butler et al., 2012, Nat Immunol	Link
CD8	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	BALB/c	anti-CD8	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol	Link
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	b2 microglobuline -/-	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Similar on day 5	Prolonged survival (days)	Nie et al., 2009, PLoS Pathog	Link
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	b2 microglobuline -/-	yes	yes	CM (94%)	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Yañez et al., 1996, J Immunol	Link
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6	b2 microglobuline -/-	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Plasma IFN-g and splenic IFN-g mRNA expression 24h p.i. was abrogated	Mitchell et al., 2005, Infect Immun	Link
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	b2 microglobuline -/-	yes	yes	Liver pathology	Liver pathology	N.I.	Similar liver injury, serum ALT levels, hepatic DX5+CD3+ cells; similar cytotoxicity by hepatic lymphocytes against hepatocytes	Adachi et al., 2004, Int Immunol	Link
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells/IP-10	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	b2 microglobuline -/- + anti-IP-10	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased on day 5	Prolonged survival (days)	Nie et al., 2009, PLoS Pathog	Link
CD80	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	NIH	anti-CD80	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar IFN-g and IL-4 production by splenic T cells in vitro; similar IgG1 and similar IgG2a	Taylor-Robinson et al., 1999, Immunology	Link
CD80/CD86	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	NIH	anti-CD80 and anti-CD86	no	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased peak and developed a chronic, low parasitemia (~1%)	↑ IFN-g production by splenic T cells in vitro compared to anti-CD86 treatment alone, ↓ IL-4 production by splenic T cells in vitro; ↓ IgG1	Taylor-Robinson et al., 1999, Immunology	Link
CD86	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	NIH	anti-CD86	no	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Developed a chronic low parasitemia (~1%)	↑ IFN-g and abrogation of IL-4 production by splenic T cells in vitro; ↓ IgG1 and similar IgG2a	Taylor-Robinson et al., 1999, Immunology	Link
Class A type I and II macrophage scavenger receptors	Plasmodium chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	SR-AI/II -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar phagocytosis of pRBCs and free merozoites by peritoneal macrophages	Su et al., 2002, J Infect Dis	Link
COX-1/2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	ICR	COX1/COX2 inhibitor (aspirin)	yes	yes	CM (85%)	CM (100%)	Similar	Slightly earlier death; similar mRNA expression of 5-lipoxygenase in brain and spleen; mRNA of phospholipase A2 similar in brain and ↑ on day 12 in spleen; mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2 was similar in spleen and ↓ in brain 7 days p.i.; ↑ serum leukotriene B4 levels	Xiao et al., 1999, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
COX-1/2	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6J	non-selective COX-1/2 inhibitor (indomethacin)	yes	yes	CM (58%)	CM (62%)	Similar	N.I.	Blok et al., 1992, J Infect Dis	Link
COX-2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA	selective COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib)	yes	yes	CM	CM	Similar	Earlier death (~days); earlier onset of cerebral symptoms (eg. edema, seizures);↓ bicycle-PGE2 level in brain (not in uninfected treated mice); similar brain mRNA expression of IL-10, 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP)	Ball et al., 2004, J Infect Dis	Link
COX-2	Plasmodium berghei K173	CBA	selective COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib)	yes	yes	HP&A	HP&A	Similar	No induction of cerebral symptoms, similar progression of infection	Ball et al., 2004, J Infect Dis	Link
CRP	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	CRP-tg	yes	N.I.	CM (100%)	No CM	Decreased	N.I.	Aggrey et al., 2013, J Immunol	Link
CRP	Plasmodium yoelii	C57BL/6J	CRP-tg	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased	N.I.	Aggrey et al., 2013, J Immunol	Link
CTLA-4	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/cAnNCrl	anti-CTLA-4	yes	yes	CM (~30%)	CM (100%)	Similar	↑ numbers of CD8+ T cells in the brain; ↑ frequency of brain petechial hemorrhages; ↑ proportion of vessels plugged with iRBCs; ↑ numbers of pigmented (parasite-containing) macrophages in the liver; ↑ whole body, head and isolated brain parasite burdens (↑ bioluminescence of luciferase-expressing parasites); ↑ proportion of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen; ↑ plasma IFN-g, TNF, IL-6, IL-10 and MCP-1/CCL2; ↑ secretion of IFN-g and IL-10 by stimulated CD4+ T cells and ↑ IFN-g secretion by stimulated CD8+ T cells;	Hafalla et al., 2012, PLoS Pathog	Link
CTLA-4	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-CTLA-4	yes	yes	No CM	CM (100%)	Similar	Earlier death (~2 weeks); ↑ weight loss; induction of neurological symptoms; no ↓ CD4+ T cells in spleen 5 days p.i.; ↑ spontaneous and anti-CD3 induced proliferation of spleen cells taken on day 5 p.i. But not from day 8 p.i.; similar IFN-g and ↑ NO production by anti-CD3 stimulated spleen cells 8 days p.i.; ↑ pathology and hemozoin deposition in liver	Jacobs et al., 2002, J Immunol	Link
CTLA-4	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-CTLA-4	yes	yes	Moderate liver pathology	↑ Liver pathology	Similar	↑ serum ALT and AST; ↑ weight loss; ↑ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and similar gd T cells in liver parenchyma 8 days p.i.; ↑ and similar number of IFN-g producing cells in liver and spleen, respectively; similar and ↑ proliferation of liver and spleen cells, respectively	Jacobs et al., 2004, Eur J Immunol	Link
CTLA-4	Plasmodium yoelii 17XL	BALB/c	anti-CTLA-4 (day 0)	30%	70%	N.I.	Liver pathology	Similar	↑ serum ALT and AST levels (↑ liver pathology); ↑ weight loss; ↑ % CD25+ CD4+, CD62Llow CD4+ and CD69+ CD4+ T cells in spleen; similar IL-12p40 and ↑ IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-4 and IL-10 in serum	Lepenies et al., 2007, Microbes Infect	Link
CTLA-4	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	BALB/c	anti-CTLA-4 (day 0)	20%	30%	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased peak and earlier clearance	Similar serum ALT and AST levels; similar body weight; ↑ % CD25+ CD4+, CD62Llow CD4+ and CD69+CD4+ T cells in spleen; similar IL-12p40 and TNF-a and ↑ IFN-g, IL-4 and IL-10 in serum	Lepenies et al., 2007, Microbes Infect	Link
CTLA-4/CD4	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/cAnNCrl	anti-CTLA-4 + anti-CD4	yes	yes	CM (~30%)	CM (% depended on the time of administration)	N.I.	Early CD4 depletion delayed the onset of CM	Hafalla et al., 2012, PLoS Pathog	Link
CTLA-4/CD4	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-CTLA-4 + anti-CD4	yes	yes	No CM	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Jacobs et al., 2002, J Immunol	Link
CTLA-4/CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/cAnNCrl	anti-CTLA-4 + anti-CD8	yes	yes	CM (~30%)	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Hafalla et al., 2012, PLoS Pathog	Link
CTLA-4/IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/cAnNCrl	anti-CTLA-4 + anti-IFN-g	yes	yes	CM (~30%)	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Hafalla et al., 2012, PLoS Pathog	Link
CTLA-4/TNF	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/cAnNCrl	anti-CTLA-4 + anti-TNF	yes	yes	CM (~30%)	CM (~80%)	N.I.	N.I.	Hafalla et al., 2012, PLoS Pathog	Link
CXCL10 (IP-10)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	CXCL10 -/-	90% (at the end of observation day 20)	40% (at the end of observation day 20)	CM (90%)	CM (40%)	N.I.	N.I.	Campanella et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
CXCL10 (IP-10)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	CXCL10 -/-	yes	5% (at the end of observation day 20)	CM (100%)	CM (5%)	Decreased	Prolonged survival (at least until day 20); no neurological symptoms; ↓ blood vessels with intravascular inflammation; ↓ pRBC, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell sequestration (similar NK cells); similar ICAM-1+ blood vessels; ↑ parasite-specific proliferation and IFN-g production by CD4+ T cells; ↑ number of CXCR3+/IFN-g+CD4+ and CXCR3+/IFN-g+CD8+ T cells in spleen; ↓ IFN-g in serum; anti-IFN-g treatment had no effect on reduced parasitemia	Nie et al., 2009, PLoS Pathog	Link
CXCL10 (IP-10)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-CXCL10 (d3-9)	yes	20% (at the end of observation day 20)	CM (100%)	CM (20%)	Decreased on day 5	Prolonged survival (at least until day 20); no neurological symptoms; ↓ blood vessels with intravascular inflammation; similar pRBC sequestration and ↓ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (similar NK cells); majority of brain infiltrating T cells were CXCR3+ and CCR5-, indicating that other CXCR3 chemokines (MIG and I-TAC) can still recruit CXCR3+ T cells to the brain; similar expression of CD25 and CD69 activation markers in brain sequestering T cells and cells could still migrate to recombinant IP-10 in a chemotaxis assay; ↑ parasite-specific proliferation of CD4+ T cells; similar number of CXCR3+/IFN-g+CD4+ and CXCR3+/IFN-g+CD8+ T cells in spleen	Nie et al., 2009, PLoS Pathog	Link
CXCL10 (IP-10)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-CXCL10 (d5-9)	yes	50% (at the end of observation day 17)	CM (100%)	CM (50%)	N.I.	Prolonged survival (at least until day 17); no neurological symptoms	Nie et al., 2009, PLoS Pathog	Link
CXCL12 (SDF-1a)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	SDF-1a	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased	N.I.	Garnica et al., 2002, Immunol lett	Link
CXCL12 (SDF-1a)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	SDF-1a	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased	N.I.	Garnica et al., 2002, Immunol lett	Link
CXCL12 (SDF-1a)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	SDF-1a	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased	Similar number of CD11c+ cells in the bone marrow 14 days p.i.; ↑ numbers of cd11c+CD8a+ and CD11c+CD11b+ cells in the spleen 14 days p.i.; induction of periarteriolar CD11c clustering in the spleen	Garnica et al., 2005, Immunology	Link
CXCL4 (PF-4)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	PF-4 -/-	70% (at the end of observation day 10)	30% (at the end of observation day 10)	CM (70%)	CM (30%)	Similar	No neurological symptoms; no ↑ plasma TNF-a or IFN-g 5 days p.i.; no ↑ CXCR3 expression by splenocyt-derived T cells; no↑ number of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in brain	Srivastava et al., 2008, Cell Host Microbe	Link
CXCL4 (PF-4)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	PF4 -/-	rPF-4	30% (at the end of observation day 10)	80% (at the end of observation day 10)	CM (30%)	CM (80%)	Similar	N.I.	Srivastava et al., 2008, Cell Host Microbe	Link
CXCL4 (PF-4)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	PF-4 -/-	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	↓ KLF4 expression in monocytes; ↓ monocytes in brain during CM	Srivastava et al., 2010, PLoS ONE	Link
CXCL9 (MIG)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	CXCL9 -/-	90% (at the end of observation day 20)	40% (at the end of observation day 20)	CM (90%)	CM (40%)	N.I.	N.I.	Campanella et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
CXCR3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	in vitro activated WT and CXCR3 -/- effector CD8+ T cells (day 5)	yes	yes	CM	CM	N.I.	Similar number of WT and CXCR3 -/- cells in spleen and ↓ number of CXCR3 -/- cells in brain after competitive (co)transfer in WT mice	Campanella et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
CXCR3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	CXCR3 -/-	90% (at the end of observation day 23)	10-30% (at the end of observation day 23)	CM (90%)	CM (10-30%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (1–3 weeks); no neurological symptoms; ↓ CD8+ T cells and NK cells and similar NKT cells in the brain; ↓ CXCL9 (MIG), CXCL10 (IP-10), CCL5 (RANTES), CCL2 (MCP-1) and IFN-g expression in the brain	Campanella et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
CXCR3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CXCR3 -/-	adoptive transfer of in vivo activated WT splenocytes or CD8+ T cells (day 0)	30% (at the end of observation day 20)	70-90% (at the end of observation day 20)	CM (30%)	CM (70-90%)	N.I.	↑ number of WT (adoptively transferred) and CXCR3 -/- (own) CD8+ T cells in brain at the CM stage; ↑ IP-10, MIG, RANTES, MCP-1 and IFN-g mRNA expression in brain (similar to WT mice)	Campanella et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
CXCR3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	CXCR3 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (32%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (1–3 weeks); no neurological symptoms or recovered from neurological symptoms; ↓ CXCL9 (MIG), CXCL10 (IP-10) and CCL5 (RANTES) mRNA expression in the brain; ↓ sequestered CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells, similar NK, NKT and CD11b+ cells in the brain; ↓ IP-10, perforin, FasL, IFN-g and LT-a and similar ICAM-1 mRNA expression in the brain; similar IFN-g mRNA expression in the spleen	Miu et al., 2008, J Immunol	Link
CXCR3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CXCR3 -/-	adoptive transfer of in vivo activated WT splenocytes or CD8+ T cells (day 0)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (70%)	N.I.	N.I.	Miu et al., 2008, J Immunol	Link
CXCR3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	CXCR3 -/-	70% (at the end of observation day 10)	no (at the end of observation day 10)	CM (70%)	None (at the end of observation day 10)	N.I.	No neurological symptoms; no ↑ plasma TNF-a or IFN-g 5 days p.i.; no↑ number of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in brain	Srivastava et al., 2008, Cell Host Microbe	Link
CXCR4	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi CR	C57BL/6	CXCR4 antagonist	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Increased recrudescences	N.I.	Garnica et al., 2002, Immunol lett	Link
Cystamine (CysH)	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	A/J	+ cystamine hydrochloride (prophylactic treatment)	yes (100%)	♂ yes (~60%); ♀ yes (~25%)	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased	N.I.	Min-Oo et al., 2010, Exp Parasitol	Link
Cysteamine (CysH)	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	+ cysteamine hydrochloride	No	No	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased on days 5-7	Antimalarial effect is less strong compared to known antimalarial drugs	Min-Oo et al., 2010, Antimicrob Agents Chemother	Link
Cysteamine (CysH)	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	+ cysteamine hydrochloride + a suboptimal dose of artesunate	No	No	N.I.	N.I.	Delayed onset and decreased peak, no recrudescences	Synergistic antimalarial effect; ↓ disease symptoms	Min-Oo et al., 2010, Antimicrob Agents Chemother	Link
Cysteamine (CysH)	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	A/J	+ cysteamine hydrochloride + a suboptimal dose of artesunate or dihydroartemisinin	yes	No	N.I.	N.I.	Delayed onset and decreased	Dose-dependent synergistic antimalarial effect; dose-dependent effect on survival; ↓ disease symptoms	Min-Oo et al., 2010, Antimicrob Agents Chemother	Link
Cysteamine (CysH)	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	A/J	+ cysteamine hydrochloride (prophylactic treatment)	yes (100%)	yes (20%)	N.I.	N.I.	Delayed onset and decreased	Dose-dependent antimalarial effect; dose-dependent effect on survival	Min-Oo et al., 2010, Exp Parasitol	Link
Cysteamine (CysH)	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	A/J	+ cysteamine hydrochloride (therapeutic treatment)	♂ yes (100%); ♀ yes (35%)	♂ yes (33-65%); ♀ yes (65-0%)	N.I.	N.I.	Delayed onset and decreased	The antimalarial effect and the effect on survival deminished when the onset of treatment was delayed; delayed ↑ of serum IFN-g and CCL2 (MCP-1) levels, ↓ serum CCL5 (RANTES) levels on d7 p.i., and similar serum levels of TNF, CCL4 (MIP-1b) and IL-10	Min-Oo et al., 2010, Exp Parasitol	Link
Cytidine deaminase AID (Aicda)/Ig heavy chain µ-secretory domein	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C57BL/6	Aicda -/- (mature B cells which produce IgM, but they cannot undergo isotype switching or secrete Abs)	no	yes (100%)	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Therapeutic blockade of PD-L1 and LAG-3 did not improve parasite clearance	Butler et al., 2012, Nat Immunol	Link
EPO	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	rHuEpo	yes	yes	CM	less CM	N.I.	Improved survival; reversed clinical symptoms of CM; reduced brain hypoxia	Hempel et al., 2011, Am J Pathol	Link
EPO	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/J	rHuEpo	yes	yes	CM (93%)	CM (40%)	Similar	Similar body weight loss and anemia; ↓ number of ring hemorrhages in the brain; ↓ and delayed TNF and IFN-g and similar caspase-3, caspase-8, TNFR1, TNFR2 and IFN-gR mRNA expression in the brain; similar blood NO levels	Kaiser et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
EPO	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	rHuEpo	yes	% depended on the time and dose of administration	CM (93%)	CM (% depended on the time and dose of administration)	Similar	↑ packed cell volume levels; recovered from hypothermia at the time point when untreated mice succumbed; ↓ IL-1b, TNF, IFN-g and similar caspase-1, caspase-3 and LT mRNA expression in the brain; ↓ number of apoptotic neurons in the brain	Wiese et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
EPO	Plasmodium chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	anti-hEpo	no	yes (~70%)	N.I.	SMA (~70%)	Similar	Prolonged severe anemia; delayed induction of reticulocytosis	Chang et al., 2004, J Infect Dis	Link
EPO	Plasmodium chabaudi AS	A/J	rmEpo	yes	yes	SMA (100%)	SMA (100%)	Similar	Similar anemia	Chang et al., 2004, J Infect Dis	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Mouse treatment

Pages

a4 integrin chain
ab T cell
ABCA1
Apo-AI
Arachidonic acid
ASC
B cells
B cells/gd T cells
B cells/IFN-g
B/C2
b2 integrin (CD18)
Bcl-2
C1q
C3aR
C3aR/C5aR
C5
C5a
C5aR
C9
Caspase-1
Caspase-12
Caspase-12/caspase-1
Caspase-12/IFN-g
Caspase-12/IKK
caspases
Catecholamines
CCR2
CCR5
CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1)
CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1, CR3)
CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1, CR3)
CD11c/CD18 (CR4)
CD11d/CD18
CD134L
CD14
CD1d-restricted NKT cells
CD36
CD4
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells
CD4+CD25+T cells
CD4/CD8
CD4/CD8/B cells
CD40
CD40L
CD41/CD61 (gpIIb/IIIa)
CD54 (ICAM-1)
CD62L (L-selectin, LECAM-1)
CD62P (P-selectin)
CD8
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells/IP-10
CD80
CD80/CD86
CD86
Class A type I and II macrophage scavenger receptors
COX-1/2
COX-2
CRP
CTLA-4
CTLA-4/CD4
CTLA-4/CD8
CTLA-4/IFN-g
CTLA-4/TNF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL12 (SDF-1a)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL9 (MIG)
CXCR3
CXCR4
Cystamine (CysH)
Cysteamine (CysH)
Cytidine deaminase AID (Aicda)/Ig heavy chain µ-secretory domein
EPO
Fas
FasL
FcgR
FcgRI
FcgRIIB
FcgRIIB/TLR7
Fibrinogen
Free radicals
G-CSF
G-CSF/IFN-g
G-CSF/TNF-a
gd T cells
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)/TNF-a
GM-CSF
Histamine R1
Histamine R2
Histamine R3
Histamine R3/R1
Histamine R3/R2
Histamine R4
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)/CD4
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)/CD8
HMG-CoA reductase
HMGB1
HO-1
HO-1/CD8
HVEM
Hydrogen sulfide gas (HS)
IDO-1
Ifit1
IFN-a
IFN-a/IFN-g
IFN-b
IFN-g
IFN-g
IFN-g
IFN-g/CTLA-4
IFN-gR
IFN-gRa
IFNabR
IFNaR1
IFNaR1
IL-10
IL-10/CD25
IL-10/IFN-g
IL-10/TGF-b
IL-10/TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12/CD4
IL-12/chloroquine
IL-12/CTLA-4
IL-12/IFN-g
IL-12/IFN-g/TNF-a
IL-12/NK cells
IL-12/NOS2
IL-12/TNF-a
IL-12p40
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18/CTLA-4
IL-1a
IL-1a/IFN-g
IL-1b
IL-1R
IL-2
IL-2/B cells
IL-2/gd T cell
IL-23p19
IL-27R
IL-27R/CD4
IL-27R/CD8
IL-27R/IFN-g
IL-27R/IFN-g/TNF-a
IL-27R/IL-10
IL-27R/TNF-a
IL-3
IL-3/GM-CSF
IL-4
IL-4/NK cells
IL-4/NOS2
IL-4Ra
IL-4Ra/NK cells
IL-4Ra/NOS2
IL-6
Immune cells
IRF-1
IRF-1/IL-12
IRF8
Irgm1
Isg15
Jak3
Kynurenine-3-hydroxylase
LAG-3
LIGHT
LMP7
LT
LTa
LTab
LTb
LTbR
LTbR/testosterone
Lymphocytes
Mannose receptors
meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
MHC-II
MHC-II/CD4
MHC-II/IP-10
Microparticle (MP)
MMP-9
MMP/TACE
Monocyte/Macrophages
MyD88
NADPH oxidase
NADPH oxidase/B cells
NADPH oxidase/NOS2
NADPH oxidase/NOS2/XO
NADPH oxidase/XO
NADPH oxidase/XO/B cells
Neutrophils + eosinophils
NK cells
NK/NKT cells
NKT cell
Nlrc4
Nlrp3
Nod1Nod2
NOS2
NOS2/B cells
NOS2/XO
NOS2/XO/B cells
NOS3
P2X7R
PAFR
Pantethine
PARP-1
PD-L1
PD-L1/CD4
PD-L1/CD8
PD-L1/IFN-g
PD-L1/LAG-3
PD-L1/TNF
PD-L2
Perforin (PFP)
PGI2
Plasmacytoid DCs
Plasmin
Platelets
Scavenger receptors
sFLT1 (sVEGFR)
SOCS1
SOCS2
Stat1
T cells
T cells/CD8
Taurine
Testosterone
TGF-b
TGF-b/IL-10R
TGF-b1
TIRAP
Tissue PA (tPA)
TLR1
TLR2
TLR2/4
TLR2/4/9
TLR3
TLR4
TLR5
TLR6
TLR7
TLR9
TLR9/CD4
TLR9/IFN-g
TNF
TNF-a
TNF-a/ IFN-g
TNF-a/ LT-a
TNFR1
TNFR2
TRIF
uPA receptor (uPAR, CD87)
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)
Va14+ NKT cell

Plasmodium berghei (N.I.)
Plasmodium berghei ANKA
Plasmodium berghei K173
Plasmodium berghei NK65
Plasmodium berghei Pasteur
Plasmodium berghei tg for P. falciparum MSP19
Plasmodium berghei XAT
Plasmodium chabaudi
Plasmodium chabaudi (N.I.)
Plasmodium chabaudi adami 408XZ
Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA
Plasmodium chabaudi adami DK
Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS
Plasmodium chabaudi AS
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi A/J
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi CR
Plasmodium vinckei (N.I.)
Plasmodium vinckei petteri CR
Plasmodium vinckei vinckei
Plasmodium yoelii
Plasmodium yoelii 17NL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL + Salmonella typhimurium
Plasmodium yoelii 265

rhG-CSF + anti-IFN-g
+ adoptive transfer of splenic CD8+ cells from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of splenic CD8+ cells from IFNaR1-/- mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of splenocytes depleted of CD8+ cells from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of total splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ anti-HMGB1
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) (day -1) + serum amyloid P (rSAP)
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitor (Clopidogrel) (day -1)
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitor (Clopidogrel) (day 1)
+ cystamine hydrochloride (prophylactic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride
+ cysteamine hydrochloride (prophylactic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride (therapeutic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride + a suboptimal dose of artesunate
+ cysteamine hydrochloride + a suboptimal dose of artesunate or dihydroartemisinin
+ DMSA (structural analogue of CysH, prophylactic treatment)
+ NaHS (fast-releasing donor of HS) or GYY4137 (slow-releasing donor of HS)
+ pantethine (structural analogue of CysH, prophylactic treatment)
12.5% DNA from A/J mice (including the C5 mutant gene) (= BcA76)
12.5% DNA from C57BL/6 mice (including the C5 WT gene) (= AcB55)
A -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-CD4
A -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-NK1.1
A -/- or Ii -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4)
A -/- or Ii -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-CD4
ab TCR -/-
ABCA1 -/-
aD -/-
Adoptive transfer of immune CD4+ splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells + anti-CD4
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells + anti-CD8
adoptive transfer of in vivo activated WT splenocytes or CD8+ T cells (day 0)
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD4
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD8
adoptively transfered CD8 + T cells from PFP -/- mice
adoptively transfered CD8 + T cells from WT mice
Aicda -/- (mature B cells which produce IgM, but they cannot undergo isotype switching or secrete Abs)
anti-a4 integrin
anti-asialo GM1
anti-C5a
anti-C5aR
anti-C9
anti-CD11a
anti-CD11b
anti-CD134L (anti-OX89)
anti-CD14
anti-CD25 (day - 1 and day 1)
anti-CD25 (day -1 and +1)
anti-CD25 (day -1)
anti-CD25 (day -14)
anti-CD25 (day -2 and -6h)
anti-CD25 (day -3, -1 and 5)
anti-CD25 (day -30)
anti-CD25 (day 4)
anti-CD4
anti-CD4 (early treatment)
anti-CD4 (late treatment)
anti-CD4 + adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ and B+ splenocytes
anti-CD4 + adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ splenocytes
anti-CD4 and anti-CD8
anti-CD40L
anti-CD41 (early treatment)
anti-CD61 (early treatment)
anti-CD8
anti-CD8 (early treatment)
anti-CD8 (late treatment)
anti-CD80
anti-CD80 and anti-CD86
anti-CD86
anti-CTLA-4
anti-CTLA-4 (day 0)
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-CD4
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-CD8
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-IFN-g
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-TNF
anti-CXCL10 (d3-9)
anti-CXCL10 (d5-9)
anti-gd TCR
anti-gd TCR (early treatment)
anti-gd TCR (late treatment)
anti-GM-CSF
anti-Gr-1 (day - 1)
anti-Gr-1 (late treatment)
anti-hEpo
anti-HVEM
anti-ICAM-1
anti-IFN-g
anti-IL-10
anti-IL-10R
anti-IL-12
anti-IL-12p40
anti-IL-18
anti-IL-3
anti-IL-3 and anti-GM-CSF
anti-IL-4
anti-IL-6
anti-L-selectin
anti-LAG-3
anti-LTbR
anti-m-chain from birth
anti-m-chain from birth (no B cells)
anti-NK1.1
anti-P-selectin
anti-PD-L1
anti-PD-L1 + anti-CD4
anti-PD-L1 + anti-CD8
anti-PD-L1 + anti-IFN-g
anti-PD-L1 + anti-LAG-3
anti-PD-L1 + anti-TNF
anti-PD-L2
anti-pDC (120G8)
anti-platelet
anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitors (acetylsalisyllic acid (ASA) or Clopidogrel (day 1)
anti-TGF-b
anti-TGF-b + anti-IL-10R
anti-Thy-1
anti-TNF-a
anti-TNF-a (Mab)
anti-TNF-a (PAb)
anti-TNF-a + anti-IFN-g
antioxidans
Apo-AI -/-
aprotinin (serine protease inhibitor)
ASC -/-
AT x BM (no thymus: no mature T cells)
b TCR -/-
b TCR -/- + adoptive transfer of a mixture of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from WT or Nlrp3-/- mice
b2 microglobuline -/-
b2 microglobuline -/- + anti-IP-10
BALB/c-nu/nu
Beige mutation (bg/ bg) (defect in NK cell cytotoxicity)
Bg/bg + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
biliverdin
Broad-spectrum MMP/TACE inhibitor
C1qa -/-
C3aR -/-
C3aR -/- + C5aR -/-
C5 -/-
C5aR -/-
Casp1 -/-
Casp12 -/-
Casp12 -/- + anti-IFN-g
Casp12 -/- + IKK inhibitor
Casp12 -/- + selective caspase-1 inhibitor (YVAD)
caspase inhibitor (ZVAD-fmk)
Caspase-1 -/-
CCR2 -/-
CCR5 -/-
CD14 -/-
CD18 -/-
CD1d -/-
CD36 -/-
CD36 -/- chimeras
CD4 -/-
CD4+ splenic T cells from normal mice
CD4+ T cells from mice with CM (LN derived)
CD40 -/-
CD40L -/-
CD8 -/-
Chemical activation of macrophages (early treatment) (liposomal MDP-GDP)
Chemical activation of macrophages (late treatment) (liposomal MDP-GDP)
Chemical depletion of macrophages (silica)
Chemical depletion of macrophages from spleen and liver (early treatment) (lip-Cl2MDP)
Chemical depletion of macrophages from spleen and liver (late treatment) (lip-Cl2MDP)
CO gas
CO gas + heme
COX1/COX2 inhibitor (aspirin)
CR3 -/-
CR4 -/-
CRP-tg
CXCL10 -/-
CXCL9 -/-
CXCR3 -/-
CXCR4 antagonist
d -/- TCR
d-chain-/- (gd TCR-/-)
dexamethasone
dexamethasone (late treatment)
dexamethasone + rHu-TNF-a (↑ dose)
Fas -/- (lpr)
FasL -/- (gld)
FcgRIIB-/- (SLE-susceptible)
FcgRIIB-/-.yaa (SLE-susceptible), contains a duplication of TLR7
FcRg -/-
fibrinogen inhibitor
fish oil (structural analog of arachidonic acid)
free radical scavenger (BHA)
GM-CSF -/-
gp91phox -/- (no ROS)
H1R -/-
H1R inhibitor (levocetirizine)
H2-Bf/C2 -/-
H2R -/-
H2R inhibitor (cimetidine)
H3R -/-
H3R agonist
H3R inhibitor (imetit)
H4R inhibitor (JNJ7777120)
HDC -/-
heme
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statins)
Hmox-1 -/-
HO-1 -/- (Hmox1 -/-)
HO-1 -/- (Hmox1 -/-) + anti-CD8
HO-1 expressing adenovirus in liver
HO-1 inducer
HO-1 inhibitor
Hu-FcRI-tg + anti-PfMSP-1
IA-b -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4)
IA-b -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-IP-10
ICAM-1-/-
IDO-1 -/-
Ifit1 -/-
IFN-g -/-
IFN-g -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IFN-gR -/-
IFN-gRa -/-
IFNabR -/-
IFNaR1 -/-
IL-10 -/-
IL-10 -/- + anti-CD25
IL-10 -/- + anti-IFN-g
IL-10-/- x IFN-gR-/-
IL-12 -/-
IL-12p40 -/-
IL-12p40 -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IL-12p40 -/- + rIL-12
IL-15 -/-
IL-17-/- (17KO)
IL-18 -/-
IL-18 -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IL-1R -/-
IL-2 -/-
IL-2 -/- x m-MT
IL-23p19-/- (P19KO)
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-)
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-CD4
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-CD8
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-IFN-g
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-TNF-a
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + rIL-10
IL-3 -/-
IL-4 -/-
IL-4 -/- + anti-asialo GM1
IL-4 -/- + NOS2 inhibitor
IL-4Ra -/-
IL-4Ra -/- + anti-asialo GM1
IL-4Ra -/- + NOS2 inhibitor
in vitro activated WT and CXCR3 -/- effector CD8+ T cells (day 5)
IRF-1 -/-
IRF-1 -/- + rIL-12
IRF8 +/- [BXH2 x B6]F1
IRF8 -/- (BXH2)
Irgm1 -/-
Isg15 -/-
Ja281 -/-
Jak3 -/-
JH-gene segment -/- (JHD -/-)
JHD-/- (no B cells) + anti-IFN-g
kynurenine-3-hydroxilase inhibitor (i.p. vs p.o.)
kynurenine-3-hydroxylase inhibitor
LFA1 -/-
LIGHT -/-
LMP7 -/-
LT -/-
LT-a -/-
LTa -/-
LTab -/-
LTb -/-
LTbR -/-
m-BCR -/- (m-MT)
m-BCR -/- (m-MT) + anti-gd TCR
m-MT x d -/- TCR
mannan
MHC-II -/-(↓ CD4)
MMP-9 -/-
MP formation inhibitor (pantethine)
MyD88 -/-
NKC complex BALB/c (B6.BALB/c-Cmv1s)
NKC complex C57BL/6 (BALB.B6-Cmv1r)
Nlrc4 -/-
Nlrp3 -/-
NO donor or + NO gas
no T/B cells
Nod1Nod2 -/-
non-selective COX-1/2 inhibitor (indomethacin)
NOS inhibitor
NOS2 -/-
NOS2 inhibitor
NOS3 -/-
Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells
over-expression of bcl-2 in myeloid cells (hMRP8-Bcl-2 mice)
P-selectin -/-
P2X7R -/-
p47phox-/- (no ROI produced by the NADPH oxidase pathway)
p47phox-/- x NOS2-/-
PAFR -/-
PAFR selective antagonist (UK74,505)
PARP -/-
PF-4 -/-
PFP -/-
phenoxybenzamine (alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist)
RAG1-/-
RAG2 -/- (no mature T/B cells)
rhG-CSF
rhG-CSF + anti-TNF-a
rHu-IFN-a
rHu-IFN-a + anti- IFN-g
rHu-TNF-a
rHu-TNF-a (↑ dose)
rHu-TNF-a (↓ dose)
rHu-TNF-a or rMu-TNF-a
rHuEpo
rHuTNF-a
rIFN-b
rIFN-g
rIL-10
rIL-12
rIL-12 + anti-asialo GM1
rIL-12 + anti-CD4
rIL-12 + anti-IFN-g
rIL-12 + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
rIL-12 + anti-TNF-a
rIL-12 + chloroquine
rIL-12 + NOS2 inhibitor
rIL-18
rIL-1a
rIL-1a + anti-IFN-g
rIL-1b
rIL-2
rIL-2 + anti -gd-T cell
rIL-6
rmEpo
rPF-4
rTGF-b
rTGF-b1 (oral)
Scavenger receptor blockage by Poly(I)
SCID (No T/B cells)
SDF-1a
selective COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib)
sFLT1-expressing adenovirusses
SOCS1 +/-
SOCS1 -/-
SOCS2 -/-
soluble ICAM-1
SR-AI/II -/-
Stat1 -/-
synthetic PGI2 analog
Taut -/-
testosterone
Tg + soluble TNFR1
TH1 cells from infected mice
TH1 cells from infected mice + NOS inhibitor
TH2 cells from infected mice
TH2 cells from infected mice + NOS inhibitor
Thymectomy + anti-CD4
Thymectomy + anti-CD4 (early treatment)
Thymectomy + anti-CD8
TIRAP -/-
TLR1 -/-
TLR2 -/-
TLR2/4 -/-
TLR2/4/9 -/-
TLR3 -/-
TLR4 -/-
TLR5 -/-
TLR6 -/-
TLR7 -/-
TLR7.tg (SLE-susceptible)
TLR9 -/-
TNF -/-
TNF-a -/-
TNF-a -/- x LT-a -/-
TNFR1 -/-
TNFR2 -/-
TNFR2 -/-bone marrow cells
tPA -/-
TRIF -/-
uPA -/-
uPAR -/-
WT bone marrow cells
xanthine oxidase inhibitor
µ-chain -/- (µ-MT )