Mouse treatment

The effects of experimental treatments and genetic interventions (gene knockout) on the course of infection and pathology in murine malaria models are listed in this part of the database. For each molecule, data about the genetic background of the mouse strain (and number of backcrosses), parasite species, inoculum size (pRBC), details of the treatment/knockout, effect on parasitemia, pathology and survival, additional data of the effects of the treatments (e.g. on expression of other factors), references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: ALI, acute lung injury; anti-…; treatment with depleting antibodies; CM, experimental cerebral malaria (when indicated the incidence is included between brackets, e.g. CM (100%) means that 100% of the mice suffered from cerebral pathology); EG, experimental group; HP&A, hyperparasitemia and anemia; i.p., intraperitoneal administration; MA-ARDS, malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome; N.I., not indicated; p.o., oral administration; r, recombinant; R, receptor; s, soluble; ♂ male mice; ♀ female mice; -/-, gene knockout mice; +, and/positive (example1: rIL-1a + anti-IFN-g: mice were treated with recombinant IL-1a and antibodies to deplete IFN-g; example2: CD4+ T cells, CD4 positive T cells); ↑, increased; ↓, decreased; ~, on average

Molecule/Cell

Plasmodium strain

Experimental treatment group (EG)

Dynamic Fields

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Mouse genetic background (Con)	Experimental treatment group (EG)	Lethal infection (Con)	Lethal infection (EG)	Pathology (Con)	Pathology (EG)	Parasitemia (EG vs Con)	Additional phenotypes (EG vs Con)	Refs	PubMed
MyD88	Plasmodium chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	MyD88 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar up-regulation of CD40, CD86 and MHC class II, decreased production of TNF-a and IL-12p70, no degradation of IkB-a and no translocation of NF-kB to the nucleus after incubation of MyD88 -/- DCs with P. berghei or P. chabaudi schizonts; Decreased expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on splenic DCs isolated from P. berghei-infected mice 6 days p.i. and P. chabaudi-infected mice 7 days p.i.	Seixas et al., 2009, Eur J Immunol	Link
MyD88	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	MyD88 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Less severe hypothermia and no weight loss; resistant to a secondary infection; ↑ IgG1 and similar IgG2a levels; ↓ TNF-a and IFN-g and similar MCP-1 production by splenocytes (in vitro) and in the serum (in vivo) 8 days p.i.; ↓ production of IL-1a, IL-6 (only by DC), TNF-a and IL-12 by CD11b+ macrophages and CD11c+ DC cells in spleen; similar expression of CD40 and CD86 by DC (similar maturation status), ↓ number of ab TCR+, CD4+ and NK cells producing IFN-g and TNF-a; ↓ % op CD25+ and CD69+ CD4+ T cells	Franklin et al., 2007, Microbes Infect	Link
MyD88	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	N.I.	MyD88 -/-	no	37.5%	N.I.	N.I.	Increased	↓ serum IL-12p40 and similar IL-18 6 days p.i.; similar number of CD62Llow+CD4+ and CD69+CD4+ T cells in the spleen 6 days p.i.; no difference in [3H]thymidine uptake upon stimulation of splenocytes with anti-CD3; ↓ production of IL-12p40, IFN-g and similar IL-10 after stimulation of splenocytes isolated 6 days p.i. with anti-CD3 (similar IFN-g and IL-10 production compared to IL-18 -/-)	Cramer et al., 2008, Microbes Infect	Link
NADPH oxidase	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	129/Sv x C57BL/6	gp91phox -/- (no ROS)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Faster increase	N.I.	Sanni et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
NADPH oxidase	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	C57BL/6	p47phox-/- (no ROI produced by the NADPH oxidase pathway)	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Putative function of ROI was not masked by antibody-mediated immunity as B cell deficient p47phox -/- mice displayed similar parasitemias	Gillman et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
NADPH oxidase/B cells	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	JH -/- (C57BL/6J x 129)	p47phox-/- (no ROI produced by the NADPH oxidase pathway)	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Gillman et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
NADPH oxidase/NOS2	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	C57BL/6	p47phox-/- x NOS2-/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Gillman et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
NADPH oxidase/NOS2/XO	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	p47phox-/- x NOS2-/- (C57BL/6)	xanthine oxidase inhibitor	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Non-significantly increased peak	N.I.	Gillman et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
NADPH oxidase/XO	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	p47phox -/- (C57BL/6)	xanthine oxidase inhibitor	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak	N.I.	Gillman et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
NADPH oxidase/XO/B cells	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	JH -/- x p47phox -/- (C57BL/6J x 129)	xanthine oxidase inhibitor	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak	N.I.	Gillman et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
Neutrophils + eosinophils	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-Gr-1 (late treatment)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	N.I.	Belnoue et al., 2003, Infect Immun	Link
Neutrophils + eosinophils	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/NSlc	anti-Gr-1 (day - 1)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (10%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (~ 2 weeks); ↓ cerebral hemorrhages; ↓ sequestration of monocytes and pRBCs; similar anemia; PMNs start to increase again 4 days p.i. in peripheral blood; similar TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 mRNA and ↓ IL-2, IL-12p40, IL-4 mRNA in the spleen; IL-4 and IL-10 undetectable in brain; no IL-12p40 and ↓ IL-2, IFN-g and TNF-a mRNA in the brain	Chen et al., 2000, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Neutrophils + eosinophils	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/NSlc	anti-Gr-1 (late treatment)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	N.I.	Chen et al., 2000, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Neutrophils + eosinophils	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	anti-Gr-1 (late treatment)	yes	yes	CM (85-90%)	CM (40%)	Similar	Delayed mortality; Blood: ↓ blood leukocytes; no neutrophils; similar serum TNF-a, IgG and platelet count; Brain: ↓ edema; ↓ monocytes sequestration; ↑ micro-hemorrhages; ↓ injected aggregated albumine; similar platelet sequestration; Lung: ↓ edema; ↓ myeloperoxidase activity (neutrophil enzyme); ↓ monocytes sequestration; similar platelet sequestration; Other organs: no effect on liver pathology; ↑ micro-hemorrhages in skin	Senaldi et al., 1994, Infect Immun	Link
NK cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-asialo GM1	yes	80% (at the end of observation day 15)	CM (100%)	No CM	Increased on day 6	Prolonged survival (~ 1 week); similar naïve and activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in spleen; ↓ sequestration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the brain; ↓ CXCR3+ T cells in the spleen; ↓ chemotactic response of T cells to IP-10 and T cell migration to the brain could be partially restored by adoptive transfer of IFN-g +/+ NK cells but not by IFN-g -/- NK cells; adoptively transferred IFN-g +/+, but not IFN-g -/- NK cells, were able to migrate into the brain of infected animals	Hansen et al., 2007, J Immunol	Link
NK cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	anti-asialo GM1	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Earlier death (1-2 weeks); similar IFN-g protein in the liver 3 days p.i.	Saeftel et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
NK cells	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6	anti-asialo GM1	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Similar plasma IFN-g and splenic IFN-g mRNA expression 24h p.i.	Mitchell et al., 2005, Infect Immun	Link
NK cells	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	Beige mutation (bg/ bg) (defect in NK cell cytotoxicity)	yes	yes	Liver pathology	Liver pathology	N.I.	Similar liver injury and serum ALT levels	Adachi et al., 2004, Int Immunol	Link
NK cells	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	Beige mutation (bg/ bg) (defect in NK cell cytotoxicity)	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	More abrupt incline	Earlier mortality (~ 1 week)	Solomon et al., 1985, Immunol Lett	Link
NK cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	anti-asialo GM1	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak and increased recrudescences	N.I.	Mohan et al., 1997, J Immunol	Link
NK cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6-bg/+	Beige mutation (bg/ bg) (defect in NK cell cytotoxicity)	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	↓ in vitro NK cell cytotoxicity and similar IFN-g and TNF-a secretion by enriched NK cells	Mohan et al., 1997, J Immunol	Link
NK cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6-bg/+	Bg/bg + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Earlier and increased peak	N.I.	Mohan et al., 1997, J Immunol	Link
NK cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6-bg/+	Beige mutation (bg/ bg) (defect in NK cell cytotoxicity)	10%	no	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Skamene et al., 1983, Parasite Immunol	Link
NK cells	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	BALB/c x C57BL/6	anti-asialo GM1	no	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	↓ IFN-g and similar TNF-a protein levels in the spleen 24h p.i.	De Souza et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
NK/NKT cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	NKC complex BALB/c (B6.BALB/c-Cmv1s)	yes	90% (at the end of observation day 17)	CM (100%)	CM (90%)	Similar	N.I.	Hansen et al., 2003, Immunity	Link
NK/NKT cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	NKC complex C57BL/6 (BALB.B6-Cmv1r)	20% (at the end of observation day 17)	50% (at the end of observation day 16)	CM (20%)	CM (50%)	Similar	Sequestration of pRBC and macrophages in cerebral vasculature; depletion of NK cells by anti-asialo GM1 treatment did not reverse the increased susceptibility to CM (40 % survival); ↑ % of CD44+Vb8+ and NK1.1+abTCR+ cells in spleen early during infection; adoptive transfer of CD44+Vb8+ NKT cells from BALB/c.B6-Cmv1r mice into BALB/c mice ↑ susceptibility to CM (33.4 %) and adoptive transfer of CD44+Vb8+ NKT cells from BALB/c mice into BALB/c.B6-Cmv1r mice ↓ susceptibility to CM (25 %); naïve CD44+Vb8+ NKT cells produced similar IL-4 and IFN-g when stimulated with anti-CD3 and ↑ IFN-g when stimulated with anti-NK1.1 (in vitro); similar proliferation and IL-4 production and no downregulation of IFN-g production later in infection when infected CD44+Vb8+ NKT cells were stimulated with a-GalCer; similar intracellular IL-4 and ↑ IFN-g production (ex vivo) by CD44+Vb8+ NKT cells; differential expression of NKC markers such as NK1.1 and members of the Ly49 gene superfamily, similar expression of NKG2A/C/E and Ly49C/I	Hansen et al., 2003, Immunity	Link
NK/NKT cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	NKC complex C57BL/6 (BALB.B6-Cmv1r)	20% (at the end of observation day 17)	54% (at the end of observation day 16)	CM (20%)	CM (54%)	Similar	Sequestration of pRBC and macrophages in cerebral vasculature; ↑ pulmonary edema and anemia; similar serum TNF-a; ↑ serum IFN-g throughout infection and ↓ TGF-b 14 days p.i.; ↑ mRNA expression of IFN-g and IFN-g-inducible genes in spleen (eg. IFN-g inducible GTPases, chemokines,…); ↑ IgM and ↓ IgG (total and parasite specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3) titers during the second week of infection	Hansen et al., 2005, Infect Immun	Link
NK/NKT cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-NK1.1	yes	yes	CM (91%)	CM (91%)	N.I.	N.I.	Yañez et al., 1996, J Immunol	Link
NK/NKT cells	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	anti-NK1.1	yes	yes	Liver pathology	Liver pathology	N.I.	Similar liver injury	Adachi et al., 2004, Int Immunol	Link
NKT cell	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	CD1d -/-	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	↓ splenomegaly:↓ BrdU+B220+ cells and similar numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; ↓ proliferative response after adoptive transfer of B cells from WT mice; ↓ parasite-specific serum IgM, total IgG and IgG1 titers, ↑ IgG2a titers and similar IgG2b and IgG3; similar number of CD69+, B7-1+ and B7-2+B220+ cells in spleen; no downregulation of IFN-g and no switch towards IL-4 production by splenocytes or isolated CD4+ T cells (isolated 7 days p.i.) after in vitro stimulation with anti-CD3; ↓ anti-MSP19 antibody response 7 days after the first infection and 14 days after the second challenge	Hansen et al., 2003, Eur J Immunol	Link
NKT cell	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	CD1d -/-	yes	80% (at the end of observation day 14)	CM (100%)	CM (80%)	Similar	↓ serum IFN-g; similar serum TNF-a; ↓ proliferative response and IFN-g production by CD4+ T cells in vitro after stimulation with parasite lysate or anti-CD3 at early time-points (day 3) and similar IL-4 production	Hansen et al., 2003, Immunity	Link
NKT cell	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	CD1d -/-	20% (at the end of observation day 18)	60% (at the end of observation day 18)	CM (20%)	CM (60%)	Similar	Developed neurological symptoms; ↑ serum IFN-g and TNF-a; ↑ proliferative response and IFN-g production and similar IL-4 production by CD4+ T cells after in vitro stimulation with parasite lysate at early time-points (day 3); similar proliferative response, no downregulation of IFN-g and no switch towards IL-4 production by splenocytes or isolated CD4+ T cells after in vitro stimulation with anti-CD3 later during infection (day 7)	Hansen et al., 2003, Immunity	Link
NKT cell	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6	CD1d -/-	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Similar plasma IFN-g and splenic IFN-g mRNA expression 24h p.i.	Mitchell et al., 2005, Infect Immun	Link
Nlrc4	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	Nlrc4 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	N.I.	Berghout et al., 2013, PLoS Pathog	Link
Nlrp3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	Nlrp3 -/-	56% (at the end of observation day 20)	27% (at the end of observation day 20)	CM (56%)	CM (27%)	Similar	↓ leukocyte infiltration, ↓ damaged endothelial cells and ↓ CD45-staining in brain	Dostert et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
Nlrp3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	N.I.	Nlrp3 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	Slightly delayed death (~ 2 days); similar serum levels of IFN-g, IL-10, TNF, IL-1b and IL-6; similar mRNA expression of IP-10, P-selectin and ICAM-1 in the brain; similar up-regulation of CD69 and down-regulation of CD62L on T-cells; similar frequency of IFN-g-producing CD4+ T cells	Reimer et al., 2010, Eur J Immunol	Link
Nod1Nod2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	Nod1Nod2 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	Similar plasma IFN-g, IL-6 and TNF-a; ↓ plasma IL-1b, MCP-1 (CCL2) and KC (CXCL1-3)	Finney et al., 2009, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 x 129Sv/Ev	NOS inhibitor	yes	yes	CM	CM	similar	N.I.	Favre et al., 1999, Parasitology	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 x 129Sv/Ev	NOS2 -/-	yes	yes	CM	CM	similar	N.I.	Favre et al., 1999, Parasitology	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	NO donor or + NO gas	yes	20% (at the end of observation day 12)	CM (100%)	CM (20%)	similar	No neurological symptoms; restored cGMP brain levels; ↓ plasma IL-18, sCD40 and MMP-9; similar IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-g and TIMP-1	Gramaglia et al., 2006, Nat Med	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	NOS2 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	similar	N.I.	Gramaglia et al., 2006, Nat Med	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/J	NOS inhibitor	yes	yes	CM (76%)	CM (76%)	similar	N.I.	Kremsner et al., 1993, Immunology	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	NOS2 inhibitor	50%	100%	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Saeftel et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	C57BL/6	NOS2 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Putative function of NO was not masked by antibody-mediated immunity as B cell deficient NOS2 -/- mice displayed similar parasitemias	Gillman et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	C57BL/6	NOS2 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	↓ serum NOx levels 14 days p.i.	Van der Heyde et al., 2000, J Immunol	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	C57BL/6	NOS2 inhibitor	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Van der Heyde et al., 2000, J Immunol	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	MF1	NOS inhibitor	10%	25%	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar body weight, locomotor activity, liver size and splenomegaly	Dascombe et al., 2003, Parasite Immunol	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6 x 129Sv/Ev	NOS2 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar anemia; ↓ leukocytosis	Favre et al., 1999, Parasitology	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6 x 129Sv/Ev	NOS inhibitor	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar anemia; ↓ leukocytosis	Favre et al., 1999, Parasitology	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	NIH	NOS inhibitor	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak	N.I.	Taylor-Robinson et al., 1993, Science	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium yoelii 17XL	C57BL/6J	NOS inhibitor	yes	80% (at the end of observation day 15)	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	No effect on the outcome of infection	Kobayashi et al., 2000, J Vet Med Sci	Link
NOS2/B cells	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	JH -/- (C57BL/6J x 129)	NOS2 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Gillman et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
NOS2/B cells	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	JHD (129 x C57BL/6)	NOS2 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	↓ serum NOx levels on day 10 and 20 p.i.	Van der Heyde et al., 2000, J Immunol	Link
NOS2/XO	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	NOS2 -/- (C57BL/6)	xanthine oxidase inhibitor	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak	N.I.	Gillman et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
NOS2/XO/B cells	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	JH -/- x NOS2 -/- (C57BL/6J x 129)	xanthine oxidase inhibitor	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak	N.I.	Gillman et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
NOS3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	NOS3 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	similar	N.I.	Gramaglia et al., 2006, Nat Med	Link
NOS3	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	C57BL/6	NOS3 -/-	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar serum NOx levels 14 days p.i.	Van der Heyde et al., 2000, J Immunol	Link
P2X7R	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	N.I.	P2X7R -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	N.I.	Reimer et al., 2010, Eur J Immunol	Link
PAFR	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	PAFR -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (40%)	Similar	Recovered from weight loss at the time point when WT mice succumbed; ↓ microvascular obstruction; no cerebral hemorrhages; similar leukocyte rolling and adhesion; ↓ pro-IL-1b and CCL2/MCP-1 and similar ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-10, CXCL10/IP-10 and CCL5/RANTES mRNA levels in the brain; ↓ brain caspase-3 activation and ↓ caspase-3+ cells; no edema; ↓ CD8+ T cells and less decrease in CD62L on CD8+ T cells	Lacerda-Queiroz et al., 2012, Am J Pathol	Link
PAFR	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	PAFR selective antagonist (UK74,505)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (40-75%)	Similar	Recovered from weight loss at the time point when WT mice succumbed	Lacerda-Queiroz et al., 2012, Am J Pathol	Link
Pantethine	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	A/J	+ pantethine (structural analogue of CysH, prophylactic treatment)	♂ yes (100%); ♀ yes (70%)	♂ yes (100%); ♀ yes (60%)	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Min-Oo et al., 2010, Exp Parasitol	Link
PARP-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 x 129/Sv	PARP -/-	yes	yes	CM (95%)	CM (80%)	N.I.	N.I.	Hempel et al., 2011, Am J Pathol	Link
PD-L1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/cAnNCrl	anti-PD-L1	yes	yes	CM (~30%)	CM (91%)	Similar	↑ numbers of CD8+ T cells in the brain; ↑ frequency of brain petechial hemorrhages; ↑ proportion of vessels plugged with iRBCs; ↑ numbers of pigmented (parasite-containing) macrophages in the liver; ↑ whole body, head and isolated brain parasite burdens (↑ bioluminescence of luciferase-expressing parasites);↑ proportion of activated CD8+ T cells in the spleen; ↑ plasma IFN-g, MCP-1/CCL2 and IL-10 and similar TNF and IL-6; ↑ secretion of IFN-g by stimulated CD4+ T cells and ↑ IFN-g secretion by stimulated CD8+ T cells;	Hafalla et al., 2012, PLoS Pathog	Link
PD-L1	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C57BL/6	anti-PD-L1	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased	N.I.	Butler et al., 2012, Nat Immunol	Link
PD-L1/CD4	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/cAnNCrl	anti-PD-L1 + anti-CD4	yes	yes	CM (~30%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	N.I.	Hafalla et al., 2012, PLoS Pathog	Link
PD-L1/CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/cAnNCrl	anti-PD-L1 + anti-CD8	yes	yes	CM (~30%)	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Hafalla et al., 2012, PLoS Pathog	Link
PD-L1/IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/cAnNCrl	anti-PD-L1 + anti-IFN-g	yes	yes	CM (~30%)	No CM		N.I.	Hafalla et al., 2012, PLoS Pathog	Link
PD-L1/LAG-3	Plasmodium chabaudi	C57BL/6	anti-PD-L1 + anti-LAG-3	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar peak and no recrudescences (complete parasite elimination)	N.I.	Butler et al., 2012, Nat Immunol	Link
PD-L1/LAG-3	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C57BL/6	anti-PD-L1 + anti-LAG-3	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased	PD-L1 and LAG-3 synergistically decrease parasitemia; ↑ numbers of splenic parasite-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, IFN-g+TNF+ and IFN-g+IL-2+ parasite-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, follicular CD4+ T cells, plasmablasts, CD19+B220+ B cells, PNA+ germinal-center B cells; improved splenic architecture with preservation of IgM+ B cell follicles and enhanced PNA+ germinal center formation; ↑ titers of MSP-1(19)-specific IgGs after immunization with a human malaria vaccine candidate MSP-1(19); ↑ parasite clearance in mice recieving serum from PD-L1 and LAG-3 depleted mice when mice were challenged with P. yoelii	Butler et al., 2012, Nat Immunol	Link
PD-L1/LAG-3	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	Swiss Webster	anti-PD-L1 + anti-LAG-3	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased	N.I.	Butler et al., 2012, Nat Immunol	Link
PD-L1/TNF	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/cAnNCrl	anti-PD-L1 + anti-TNF	yes	yes	CM (~30%)	CM (~80%)		N.I.	Hafalla et al., 2012, PLoS Pathog	Link
PD-L2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/cAnNCrl	anti-PD-L2	yes	yes	CM (<20%)	CM (<20%)	Similar	N.I.	Hafalla et al., 2012, PLoS Pathog	Link
Perforin (PFP)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	PFP -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	N.I.	Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks); similar edema, sequestration of pRBCs and accumulation of CD44+CD62L- CD4 and CD8 T cells in the brain; adoptively transfered splenocytes from infected WT mice migrate to the brain and induce CM; adoptively transfered CD8+ cells from infected WT mice, but not from infected PFP -/- mice, induce CM in RAG2 -/- mice (lack peripheral T and B cells); ↓ cytolytic activity of IFN-g producing CD8+ cells; similar expression of CXCR3, CXCR4, CCR2 and CCR5 on CD8+ cells	Nitcheu et al., 2003, J Immunol	Link
Perforin (PFP)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	N.I.	PFP -/-	yes	yes	CM	No CM	Similar	No brain edema or hemorrhages; similar sequestration of leukocytes in brain microvasculature; similar endothelial staining of fibrinogen but no leakage of fibrinogen in brain parenchyma; ↓ mRNA expression of granzyme B, ↑ mRNA expression of CD8 and similar mRNA expression of CD4 (no increase) in brain; no TUNEL/isolectin double positive cells in retinae	Potter et al., 2006, Int J Parasitol	Link
Perforin (PFP)	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	PFP -/-	yes	N.I.	Liver pathology	No liverpathology	N.I.	↓ serum GPT (ALT); no liver injury; similar lymphocyte infiltration in liver	Adachi et al., 2001, J Immunol	Link
PGI2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	synthetic PGI2 analog	yes	yes	CM (75%)	CM (8%)	Similar	No neurological symptoms; prolonged survival (~ 2-3 weeks), ↓ serum TNF-a (only 3 mice/group → no statistics performed)	Sliwa et al., 1991, Infect Immun	Link
Plasmacytoid DCs	Plasmodium chabaudi AS	129 Sv/Ev	anti-pDC (120G8)	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar weight loss and hypothermia	Voisine et al., 2010, Int J Parasitol	Link
Plasmin	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	aprotinin (serine protease inhibitor)	yes	40% (at the end of observation day 15)	CM (100%)	CM (40%)	N.I.	Prolonged survival (until end of observation); ↓ thrombocytopenia	Piguet et al., 2000, Infect Immun	Link
Platelets	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitor (Clopidogrel) (day -1)	yes	yes	CM (80-100%)	CM (80-100%)	Increased on day 5	↓ plasma concentrations of serum amyloids A and P and IL-1b	Aggrey et al., 2013, J Immunol	Link
Platelets	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitor (Clopidogrel) (day 1)	yes	yes	CM (80-100%)	CM (20%)	N.I.	Similar plasma concentrations of serum amyloids A and P and IL-1b	Aggrey et al., 2013, J Immunol	Link
Platelets	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) (day -1) + serum amyloid P (rSAP)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	Delayed mortality (days) compared to the platelet depleted mice without rSAP treatment	Aggrey et al., 2013, J Immunol	Link
Platelets	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/J	anti-platelet	yes	yes	CM (97%)	CM (31,5%)	N.I.	Anti-platelet (LFA-1+) antibodies prevented CM even when administered on day 6	Grau et al., 1993, Eur Cytokine Netw	Link
Platelets	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitors (acetylsalisyllic acid (ASA) or Clopidogrel (day 1)	60% (at the end of observation day 10)	20% (at the end of observation day 10)	CM (60%)	CM (20%)	N.I.	Anti-platelet therapy starting 3 days p.i. did not improve survival; mice treated with ASA had ↓ number of brain T cell infiltrates compared to control (non-infected) mice	Srivastava et al., 2008, Cell Host Microbe	Link
Scavenger receptors	Plasmodium chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	Scavenger receptor blockage by Poly(I)	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Earlier increase in parasitemia, increased peak and similar parasite clearance	↓ phagocytosis of free merozoites (only slight ↓in pRBC phagocytosis); similar serum IL-12p40	Su et al., 2002, J Infect Dis	Link
sFLT1 (sVEGFR)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	DBA/2	sFLT1-expressing adenovirusses	yes	yes	ALI (70%) or HP&A (30%)	ALI (17%) or HP&A (83%)	N.I.	↓ mortality from ALI (18% vs 70%); ↑ sFLT1 expression; ↓ serum VEGF	Epiphanio et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
SOCS1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	SOCS1 -/-	yes	yes	CM (80%)	No CM	Similar	Prolonged survival (2-3 days); no neurologic symptoms; lympocytic infiltrates in muscle and lungs; ↓ splenic cellularity; ↓CD4:CD8 T cell ratio compared to WT mice, but similar as in uninfected KO mice	Bullen et al., 2003, Parasite Immunol	Link
SOCS1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	SOCS1 +/-	yes	yes	CM (80%)	CM (80%)	Similar	Similar neurological symptoms	Bullen et al., 2003, Parasite Immunol	Link
SOCS2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	SOCS2 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	N.I.	Bullen et al., 2003, Parasite Immunol	Link
Stat1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	Stat1 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Berghout et al., 2013, PLoS Pathog	Link
T cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c-nu/+	Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells	yes	yes	CM (70%)	No CM	A less abrupt incline	Prolonged survival (~ 2 weeks); slower progression of anemia; similar parasite-specific and total IgM titers; delayed and ↓ parasite-specific and total IgG titers; ↑ serum C3 levels; ↓ immune complexes in serum	Finley et al., 1982, J Immunol	Link
T cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/J, CBA/Ca	AT x BM (no thymus: no mature T cells)	yes	yes	CM (90%)	No CM	Similar	↓ serum IgM and IgG; protection was abrogated after reconstitution with CD4+ T cells (partially restored IgM + IgG levels), but not after reconstitution with CD8+ T cells	Grau et al., 1986, J Immunol	Link
T cells	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6J	Thymectomy + anti-CD4 (early treatment)	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (25%)	Similar	N.I.	Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasitology	Link
T cells	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/10	Thymectomy + anti-CD4 (early treatment)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (27%)	Similar	N.I.	Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasitology	Link
T cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6NCrlBR	anti-Thy-1	no	36.4%	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak and developed a high, persistent parasitemia	The high, persistent parasitemia coincided with the high level of reticulocytosis	Podoba et al., 1991, Infect Immun	Link
T cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	NIH	Thymectomy + anti-CD4	no	75-100%	N.I.	N.I.	Developed a high persistent parasitemia	Serum NO3- low and similar to untreated and uninfected mice	Taylor-Robinson et al., 1993, Science	Link
T cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	NIH, thymectomy + anti-CD4	CD4+ splenic T cells from normal mice	75-100%	40%	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	↑ serum NO3- during peak parasitemia	Taylor-Robinson et al., 1993, Science	Link
T cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	NIH, thymectomy + anti-CD4	TH1 cells from infected mice	75-100%	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar peak, parasite clearance after 1 recrudescence	↑ serum NO3- during peak parasitemia; ↑ IgM; detection of IgG2a during peak and recrudescent parasitemia; anti-IgG treatment ↑ recrudescent parasitemia	Taylor-Robinson et al., 1993, Science	Link
T cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	NIH, thymectomy + anti-CD4	TH1 cells from infected mice + NOS inhibitor	75-100%	75-100%	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar (No NO3- in serum during peak parasitemia); increase in IgG2a levels abrogated compared to Th1 reconstituted mice without NOS inhibitor; IgM not affected by NOS inhibitor	Taylor-Robinson et al., 1993, Science	Link
T cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	NIH, thymectomy + anti-CD4	TH2 cells from infected mice	75-100%	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar peak, parasite clearance after 1 recrudescence	Similar (No NO3- in serum during peak parasitemia); no ↑ IgM and detection of IgG1 during peak and recrudescent parasitemia; survival was abrogated by anti-IgG and anti-IgG1 treatment, but not by treatment with anti-IgG2a	Taylor-Robinson et al., 1993, Science	Link
T cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	NIH, thymectomy + anti-CD4	TH2 cells from infected mice + NOS inhibitor	75-100%	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar peak, parasite clearance after 1 recrudescence	Similar (No NO3- in serum during peak parasitemia); similar IgG1 levels compared to Th2 reconstituted mice without NOS inhibitor	Taylor-Robinson et al., 1993, Science	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Mouse treatment

Pages

a4 integrin chain
ab T cell
ABCA1
Apo-AI
Arachidonic acid
ASC
B cells
B cells/gd T cells
B cells/IFN-g
B/C2
b2 integrin (CD18)
Bcl-2
C1q
C3aR
C3aR/C5aR
C5
C5a
C5aR
C9
Caspase-1
Caspase-12
Caspase-12/caspase-1
Caspase-12/IFN-g
Caspase-12/IKK
caspases
Catecholamines
CCR2
CCR5
CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1)
CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1, CR3)
CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1, CR3)
CD11c/CD18 (CR4)
CD11d/CD18
CD134L
CD14
CD1d-restricted NKT cells
CD36
CD4
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells
CD4+CD25+T cells
CD4/CD8
CD4/CD8/B cells
CD40
CD40L
CD41/CD61 (gpIIb/IIIa)
CD54 (ICAM-1)
CD62L (L-selectin, LECAM-1)
CD62P (P-selectin)
CD8
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells/IP-10
CD80
CD80/CD86
CD86
Class A type I and II macrophage scavenger receptors
COX-1/2
COX-2
CRP
CTLA-4
CTLA-4/CD4
CTLA-4/CD8
CTLA-4/IFN-g
CTLA-4/TNF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL12 (SDF-1a)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL9 (MIG)
CXCR3
CXCR4
Cystamine (CysH)
Cysteamine (CysH)
Cytidine deaminase AID (Aicda)/Ig heavy chain µ-secretory domein
EPO
Fas
FasL
FcgR
FcgRI
FcgRIIB
FcgRIIB/TLR7
Fibrinogen
Free radicals
G-CSF
G-CSF/IFN-g
G-CSF/TNF-a
gd T cells
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)/TNF-a
GM-CSF
Histamine R1
Histamine R2
Histamine R3
Histamine R3/R1
Histamine R3/R2
Histamine R4
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)/CD4
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)/CD8
HMG-CoA reductase
HMGB1
HO-1
HO-1/CD8
HVEM
Hydrogen sulfide gas (HS)
IDO-1
Ifit1
IFN-a
IFN-a/IFN-g
IFN-b
IFN-g
IFN-g
IFN-g
IFN-g/CTLA-4
IFN-gR
IFN-gRa
IFNabR
IFNaR1
IFNaR1
IL-10
IL-10/CD25
IL-10/IFN-g
IL-10/TGF-b
IL-10/TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12/CD4
IL-12/chloroquine
IL-12/CTLA-4
IL-12/IFN-g
IL-12/IFN-g/TNF-a
IL-12/NK cells
IL-12/NOS2
IL-12/TNF-a
IL-12p40
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18/CTLA-4
IL-1a
IL-1a/IFN-g
IL-1b
IL-1R
IL-2
IL-2/B cells
IL-2/gd T cell
IL-23p19
IL-27R
IL-27R/CD4
IL-27R/CD8
IL-27R/IFN-g
IL-27R/IFN-g/TNF-a
IL-27R/IL-10
IL-27R/TNF-a
IL-3
IL-3/GM-CSF
IL-4
IL-4/NK cells
IL-4/NOS2
IL-4Ra
IL-4Ra/NK cells
IL-4Ra/NOS2
IL-6
Immune cells
IRF-1
IRF-1/IL-12
IRF8
Irgm1
Isg15
Jak3
Kynurenine-3-hydroxylase
LAG-3
LIGHT
LMP7
LT
LTa
LTab
LTb
LTbR
LTbR/testosterone
Lymphocytes
Mannose receptors
meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
MHC-II
MHC-II/CD4
MHC-II/IP-10
Microparticle (MP)
MMP-9
MMP/TACE
Monocyte/Macrophages
MyD88
NADPH oxidase
NADPH oxidase/B cells
NADPH oxidase/NOS2
NADPH oxidase/NOS2/XO
NADPH oxidase/XO
NADPH oxidase/XO/B cells
Neutrophils + eosinophils
NK cells
NK/NKT cells
NKT cell
Nlrc4
Nlrp3
Nod1Nod2
NOS2
NOS2/B cells
NOS2/XO
NOS2/XO/B cells
NOS3
P2X7R
PAFR
Pantethine
PARP-1
PD-L1
PD-L1/CD4
PD-L1/CD8
PD-L1/IFN-g
PD-L1/LAG-3
PD-L1/TNF
PD-L2
Perforin (PFP)
PGI2
Plasmacytoid DCs
Plasmin
Platelets
Scavenger receptors
sFLT1 (sVEGFR)
SOCS1
SOCS2
Stat1
T cells
T cells/CD8
Taurine
Testosterone
TGF-b
TGF-b/IL-10R
TGF-b1
TIRAP
Tissue PA (tPA)
TLR1
TLR2
TLR2/4
TLR2/4/9
TLR3
TLR4
TLR5
TLR6
TLR7
TLR9
TLR9/CD4
TLR9/IFN-g
TNF
TNF-a
TNF-a/ IFN-g
TNF-a/ LT-a
TNFR1
TNFR2
TRIF
uPA receptor (uPAR, CD87)
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)
Va14+ NKT cell

Plasmodium berghei (N.I.)
Plasmodium berghei ANKA
Plasmodium berghei K173
Plasmodium berghei NK65
Plasmodium berghei Pasteur
Plasmodium berghei tg for P. falciparum MSP19
Plasmodium berghei XAT
Plasmodium chabaudi
Plasmodium chabaudi (N.I.)
Plasmodium chabaudi adami 408XZ
Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA
Plasmodium chabaudi adami DK
Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS
Plasmodium chabaudi AS
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi A/J
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi CR
Plasmodium vinckei (N.I.)
Plasmodium vinckei petteri CR
Plasmodium vinckei vinckei
Plasmodium yoelii
Plasmodium yoelii 17NL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL + Salmonella typhimurium
Plasmodium yoelii 265

rhG-CSF + anti-IFN-g
+ adoptive transfer of splenic CD8+ cells from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of splenic CD8+ cells from IFNaR1-/- mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of splenocytes depleted of CD8+ cells from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of total splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ anti-HMGB1
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) (day -1) + serum amyloid P (rSAP)
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitor (Clopidogrel) (day -1)
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitor (Clopidogrel) (day 1)
+ cystamine hydrochloride (prophylactic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride
+ cysteamine hydrochloride (prophylactic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride (therapeutic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride + a suboptimal dose of artesunate
+ cysteamine hydrochloride + a suboptimal dose of artesunate or dihydroartemisinin
+ DMSA (structural analogue of CysH, prophylactic treatment)
+ NaHS (fast-releasing donor of HS) or GYY4137 (slow-releasing donor of HS)
+ pantethine (structural analogue of CysH, prophylactic treatment)
12.5% DNA from A/J mice (including the C5 mutant gene) (= BcA76)
12.5% DNA from C57BL/6 mice (including the C5 WT gene) (= AcB55)
A -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-CD4
A -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-NK1.1
A -/- or Ii -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4)
A -/- or Ii -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-CD4
ab TCR -/-
ABCA1 -/-
aD -/-
Adoptive transfer of immune CD4+ splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells + anti-CD4
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells + anti-CD8
adoptive transfer of in vivo activated WT splenocytes or CD8+ T cells (day 0)
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD4
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD8
adoptively transfered CD8 + T cells from PFP -/- mice
adoptively transfered CD8 + T cells from WT mice
Aicda -/- (mature B cells which produce IgM, but they cannot undergo isotype switching or secrete Abs)
anti-a4 integrin
anti-asialo GM1
anti-C5a
anti-C5aR
anti-C9
anti-CD11a
anti-CD11b
anti-CD134L (anti-OX89)
anti-CD14
anti-CD25 (day - 1 and day 1)
anti-CD25 (day -1 and +1)
anti-CD25 (day -1)
anti-CD25 (day -14)
anti-CD25 (day -2 and -6h)
anti-CD25 (day -3, -1 and 5)
anti-CD25 (day -30)
anti-CD25 (day 4)
anti-CD4
anti-CD4 (early treatment)
anti-CD4 (late treatment)
anti-CD4 + adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ and B+ splenocytes
anti-CD4 + adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ splenocytes
anti-CD4 and anti-CD8
anti-CD40L
anti-CD41 (early treatment)
anti-CD61 (early treatment)
anti-CD8
anti-CD8 (early treatment)
anti-CD8 (late treatment)
anti-CD80
anti-CD80 and anti-CD86
anti-CD86
anti-CTLA-4
anti-CTLA-4 (day 0)
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-CD4
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-CD8
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-IFN-g
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-TNF
anti-CXCL10 (d3-9)
anti-CXCL10 (d5-9)
anti-gd TCR
anti-gd TCR (early treatment)
anti-gd TCR (late treatment)
anti-GM-CSF
anti-Gr-1 (day - 1)
anti-Gr-1 (late treatment)
anti-hEpo
anti-HVEM
anti-ICAM-1
anti-IFN-g
anti-IL-10
anti-IL-10R
anti-IL-12
anti-IL-12p40
anti-IL-18
anti-IL-3
anti-IL-3 and anti-GM-CSF
anti-IL-4
anti-IL-6
anti-L-selectin
anti-LAG-3
anti-LTbR
anti-m-chain from birth
anti-m-chain from birth (no B cells)
anti-NK1.1
anti-P-selectin
anti-PD-L1
anti-PD-L1 + anti-CD4
anti-PD-L1 + anti-CD8
anti-PD-L1 + anti-IFN-g
anti-PD-L1 + anti-LAG-3
anti-PD-L1 + anti-TNF
anti-PD-L2
anti-pDC (120G8)
anti-platelet
anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitors (acetylsalisyllic acid (ASA) or Clopidogrel (day 1)
anti-TGF-b
anti-TGF-b + anti-IL-10R
anti-Thy-1
anti-TNF-a
anti-TNF-a (Mab)
anti-TNF-a (PAb)
anti-TNF-a + anti-IFN-g
antioxidans
Apo-AI -/-
aprotinin (serine protease inhibitor)
ASC -/-
AT x BM (no thymus: no mature T cells)
b TCR -/-
b TCR -/- + adoptive transfer of a mixture of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from WT or Nlrp3-/- mice
b2 microglobuline -/-
b2 microglobuline -/- + anti-IP-10
BALB/c-nu/nu
Beige mutation (bg/ bg) (defect in NK cell cytotoxicity)
Bg/bg + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
biliverdin
Broad-spectrum MMP/TACE inhibitor
C1qa -/-
C3aR -/-
C3aR -/- + C5aR -/-
C5 -/-
C5aR -/-
Casp1 -/-
Casp12 -/-
Casp12 -/- + anti-IFN-g
Casp12 -/- + IKK inhibitor
Casp12 -/- + selective caspase-1 inhibitor (YVAD)
caspase inhibitor (ZVAD-fmk)
Caspase-1 -/-
CCR2 -/-
CCR5 -/-
CD14 -/-
CD18 -/-
CD1d -/-
CD36 -/-
CD36 -/- chimeras
CD4 -/-
CD4+ splenic T cells from normal mice
CD4+ T cells from mice with CM (LN derived)
CD40 -/-
CD40L -/-
CD8 -/-
Chemical activation of macrophages (early treatment) (liposomal MDP-GDP)
Chemical activation of macrophages (late treatment) (liposomal MDP-GDP)
Chemical depletion of macrophages (silica)
Chemical depletion of macrophages from spleen and liver (early treatment) (lip-Cl2MDP)
Chemical depletion of macrophages from spleen and liver (late treatment) (lip-Cl2MDP)
CO gas
CO gas + heme
COX1/COX2 inhibitor (aspirin)
CR3 -/-
CR4 -/-
CRP-tg
CXCL10 -/-
CXCL9 -/-
CXCR3 -/-
CXCR4 antagonist
d -/- TCR
d-chain-/- (gd TCR-/-)
dexamethasone
dexamethasone (late treatment)
dexamethasone + rHu-TNF-a (↑ dose)
Fas -/- (lpr)
FasL -/- (gld)
FcgRIIB-/- (SLE-susceptible)
FcgRIIB-/-.yaa (SLE-susceptible), contains a duplication of TLR7
FcRg -/-
fibrinogen inhibitor
fish oil (structural analog of arachidonic acid)
free radical scavenger (BHA)
GM-CSF -/-
gp91phox -/- (no ROS)
H1R -/-
H1R inhibitor (levocetirizine)
H2-Bf/C2 -/-
H2R -/-
H2R inhibitor (cimetidine)
H3R -/-
H3R agonist
H3R inhibitor (imetit)
H4R inhibitor (JNJ7777120)
HDC -/-
heme
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statins)
Hmox-1 -/-
HO-1 -/- (Hmox1 -/-)
HO-1 -/- (Hmox1 -/-) + anti-CD8
HO-1 expressing adenovirus in liver
HO-1 inducer
HO-1 inhibitor
Hu-FcRI-tg + anti-PfMSP-1
IA-b -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4)
IA-b -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-IP-10
ICAM-1-/-
IDO-1 -/-
Ifit1 -/-
IFN-g -/-
IFN-g -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IFN-gR -/-
IFN-gRa -/-
IFNabR -/-
IFNaR1 -/-
IL-10 -/-
IL-10 -/- + anti-CD25
IL-10 -/- + anti-IFN-g
IL-10-/- x IFN-gR-/-
IL-12 -/-
IL-12p40 -/-
IL-12p40 -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IL-12p40 -/- + rIL-12
IL-15 -/-
IL-17-/- (17KO)
IL-18 -/-
IL-18 -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IL-1R -/-
IL-2 -/-
IL-2 -/- x m-MT
IL-23p19-/- (P19KO)
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-)
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-CD4
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-CD8
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-IFN-g
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-TNF-a
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + rIL-10
IL-3 -/-
IL-4 -/-
IL-4 -/- + anti-asialo GM1
IL-4 -/- + NOS2 inhibitor
IL-4Ra -/-
IL-4Ra -/- + anti-asialo GM1
IL-4Ra -/- + NOS2 inhibitor
in vitro activated WT and CXCR3 -/- effector CD8+ T cells (day 5)
IRF-1 -/-
IRF-1 -/- + rIL-12
IRF8 +/- [BXH2 x B6]F1
IRF8 -/- (BXH2)
Irgm1 -/-
Isg15 -/-
Ja281 -/-
Jak3 -/-
JH-gene segment -/- (JHD -/-)
JHD-/- (no B cells) + anti-IFN-g
kynurenine-3-hydroxilase inhibitor (i.p. vs p.o.)
kynurenine-3-hydroxylase inhibitor
LFA1 -/-
LIGHT -/-
LMP7 -/-
LT -/-
LT-a -/-
LTa -/-
LTab -/-
LTb -/-
LTbR -/-
m-BCR -/- (m-MT)
m-BCR -/- (m-MT) + anti-gd TCR
m-MT x d -/- TCR
mannan
MHC-II -/-(↓ CD4)
MMP-9 -/-
MP formation inhibitor (pantethine)
MyD88 -/-
NKC complex BALB/c (B6.BALB/c-Cmv1s)
NKC complex C57BL/6 (BALB.B6-Cmv1r)
Nlrc4 -/-
Nlrp3 -/-
NO donor or + NO gas
no T/B cells
Nod1Nod2 -/-
non-selective COX-1/2 inhibitor (indomethacin)
NOS inhibitor
NOS2 -/-
NOS2 inhibitor
NOS3 -/-
Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells
over-expression of bcl-2 in myeloid cells (hMRP8-Bcl-2 mice)
P-selectin -/-
P2X7R -/-
p47phox-/- (no ROI produced by the NADPH oxidase pathway)
p47phox-/- x NOS2-/-
PAFR -/-
PAFR selective antagonist (UK74,505)
PARP -/-
PF-4 -/-
PFP -/-
phenoxybenzamine (alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist)
RAG1-/-
RAG2 -/- (no mature T/B cells)
rhG-CSF
rhG-CSF + anti-TNF-a
rHu-IFN-a
rHu-IFN-a + anti- IFN-g
rHu-TNF-a
rHu-TNF-a (↑ dose)
rHu-TNF-a (↓ dose)
rHu-TNF-a or rMu-TNF-a
rHuEpo
rHuTNF-a
rIFN-b
rIFN-g
rIL-10
rIL-12
rIL-12 + anti-asialo GM1
rIL-12 + anti-CD4
rIL-12 + anti-IFN-g
rIL-12 + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
rIL-12 + anti-TNF-a
rIL-12 + chloroquine
rIL-12 + NOS2 inhibitor
rIL-18
rIL-1a
rIL-1a + anti-IFN-g
rIL-1b
rIL-2
rIL-2 + anti -gd-T cell
rIL-6
rmEpo
rPF-4
rTGF-b
rTGF-b1 (oral)
Scavenger receptor blockage by Poly(I)
SCID (No T/B cells)
SDF-1a
selective COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib)
sFLT1-expressing adenovirusses
SOCS1 +/-
SOCS1 -/-
SOCS2 -/-
soluble ICAM-1
SR-AI/II -/-
Stat1 -/-
synthetic PGI2 analog
Taut -/-
testosterone
Tg + soluble TNFR1
TH1 cells from infected mice
TH1 cells from infected mice + NOS inhibitor
TH2 cells from infected mice
TH2 cells from infected mice + NOS inhibitor
Thymectomy + anti-CD4
Thymectomy + anti-CD4 (early treatment)
Thymectomy + anti-CD8
TIRAP -/-
TLR1 -/-
TLR2 -/-
TLR2/4 -/-
TLR2/4/9 -/-
TLR3 -/-
TLR4 -/-
TLR5 -/-
TLR6 -/-
TLR7 -/-
TLR7.tg (SLE-susceptible)
TLR9 -/-
TNF -/-
TNF-a -/-
TNF-a -/- x LT-a -/-
TNFR1 -/-
TNFR2 -/-
TNFR2 -/-bone marrow cells
tPA -/-
TRIF -/-
uPA -/-
uPAR -/-
WT bone marrow cells
xanthine oxidase inhibitor
µ-chain -/- (µ-MT )