Mouse treatment

The effects of experimental treatments and genetic interventions (gene knockout) on the course of infection and pathology in murine malaria models are listed in this part of the database. For each molecule, data about the genetic background of the mouse strain (and number of backcrosses), parasite species, inoculum size (pRBC), details of the treatment/knockout, effect on parasitemia, pathology and survival, additional data of the effects of the treatments (e.g. on expression of other factors), references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: ALI, acute lung injury; anti-…; treatment with depleting antibodies; CM, experimental cerebral malaria (when indicated the incidence is included between brackets, e.g. CM (100%) means that 100% of the mice suffered from cerebral pathology); EG, experimental group; HP&A, hyperparasitemia and anemia; i.p., intraperitoneal administration; MA-ARDS, malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome; N.I., not indicated; p.o., oral administration; r, recombinant; R, receptor; s, soluble; ♂ male mice; ♀ female mice; -/-, gene knockout mice; +, and/positive (example1: rIL-1a + anti-IFN-g: mice were treated with recombinant IL-1a and antibodies to deplete IFN-g; example2: CD4+ T cells, CD4 positive T cells); ↑, increased; ↓, decreased; ~, on average

Molecule/Cell

Plasmodium strain

Experimental treatment group (EG)

Dynamic Fields

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Mouse genetic background (Con)	Experimental treatment group (EG)	Lethal infection (Con)	Lethal infection (EG)	Pathology (Con)	Pathology (EG)	Parasitemia (EG vs Con)	Additional phenotypes (EG vs Con)	Refs	PubMed
EPO	Plasmodium chabaudi AS	A/J	rmEpo	yes (100%)	yes (50%)	SMA (100%)	SMA (50%)	Similar	Increased reticulocytosis; similar anemia; survived a challenge infection 5 weeks after primary infection	Chang et al., 2004, J Infect Dis	Link
EPO	Plasmodium chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	rmEpo	no	yes (% depended on the time of administration)	N.I.	SMA (% depended on the time of administration)	Increased and delayed clearance	Earlier increase in reticulocytosis	Chang et al., 2004, J Infect Dis	Link
Fas	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	Fas -/- (lpr)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	N.I.	Nitcheu et al., 2003, J Immunol	Link
Fas	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	Fas -/- (lpr)	yes	yes	CM	CM (50%)	Similar	Heterozygotes not different from WT	Ohno et al., 2005, Immunogenetics	Link
Fas	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/N	Fas -/- (lpr)	yes	yes	CM	CM (50%)	Similar	Heterozygotes not different from WT	Ohno et al., 2005, Immunogenetics	Link
Fas	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 for WT, N.I. for Lpr	Fas -/- (lpr)	yes	yes	CM	resolving CM and died from HP&A	Similar	Mice displayed all the cerebral symptoms of CM around day 6-8 (hemorrhages, edema, leukocyte sequestration), but recovered from all the symptoms and died later of overwhelming parasitemia; similar splenomegaly; deposits of hemozoin in the brain parenchyma presumably from previous hemorrhages or pRBC sequestration; similar CD8 and CD4 mRNA expression in spleen and similar CD8, CD4, TNF-a, perforin and granzyme B mRNA expression in brain; no apoptotic astrocytes in retinal wholemount tissue (IHC)	Potter et al., 2006, J Neuroimmunol	Link
Fas	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6 for WT, N.I. for Lpr	Fas -/- (lpr)	yes	yes	HP&A	HP&A	Similar	Similar hematocrit and splenomegaly, no cerebral pathology (similar to WT mice)	Potter et al., 2006, J Neuroimmunol	Link
Fas	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	Fas -/- (lpr)	yes	yes	Liver pathology	Liver pathology	N.I.	Similar serum GPT (ALT), liver injury and lymphocyte infiltration in liver	Adachi et al., 2001, J Immunol	Link
Fas	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C57BL/6	Fas -/- (lpr)	no	no	None	None	Increased peak and delayed clearance	N.I.	Ohno et al., 2005, Immunogenetics	Link
Fas	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	C3H/HeJ	Fas -/- (lpr)	no	no	None	None	Similar	N.I.	Ohno et al., 2005, Immunogenetics	Link
Fas	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL	MRL/MpJ	Fas -/- (lpr)	no	no	None	None	Similar	N.I.	Ohno et al., 2005, Immunogenetics	Link
FasL	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	FasL -/- (gld)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	N.I.	Nitcheu et al., 2003, J Immunol	Link
FasL	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 for WT, N.I. for Gld	FasL -/- (gld)	yes	yes	CM	resolving CM and died from HP&A	Similar	Mice displayed all the cerebral symptoms of CM around day 6-8 (hemorrhages, edema, leukocyte sequestration), but recovered from all the symptoms and died later of overwhelming parasitemia; similar splenomegaly; deposits of hemozoin in the brain parenchyma presumably from previous hemorrhages or pRBC sequestration; similar CD8 and CD4 mRNA expression in spleen and similar CD8, CD4, TNF-a, perforin and granzyme B mRNA expression in brain; no apoptotic astrocytes in retinal wholemount tissue (IHC)	Potter et al., 2006, J Neuroimmunol	Link
FasL	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6 for WT, N.I. for Gld	FasL -/- (gld)	yes	yes	HP&A	HP&A	Similar	Similar hematocrit and splenomegaly, no cerebral pathology (similar to WT mice)	Potter et al., 2006, J Neuroimmunol	Link
FcgR	Plasmodium berghei XAT	C57BL/6	FcRg -/-	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	No parasite clearance	↓ phagocytic activity by splenic macrophages; similar IFN-g production by spleen cells; similar total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3; passive transfer of anti-XAT IgG failed to suppress the increase in parasitemia	Yoneto et al., 2001, J Immunol	Link
FcgR	Plasmodium yoelii 17XL	BALB/cByJ	FcRg -/-	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Passive transfer of hyperimmune mice sera protected equally	Rotman et al., 1998, J Immunol	Link
FcgRI	Plasmodium berghei tg for P. falciparum MSP19	Tg BALB/c x BALB/c F1	Hu-FcRI-tg + anti-PfMSP-1	yes	no	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased (undetectable)	N.I.	McIntosh et al., 2007, PLoS Pathog	Link
FcgRIIB	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	FcgRIIB-/- (SLE-susceptible)	yes	yes	CM (60%)	CM (10%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (~1 week); ↑ splenomegaly 7 days p.i.; no kidney inflammation	Waisberg et al., 2010, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
FcgRIIB	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi	BALB/c	FcgRIIB-/- (SLE-susceptible)	no	ni	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased peak and more rapid clearance	↓ anemia and hypothermia; ↑ expression of CD86, production of TNF and phagocytosis of iRBCs by macrophages in vitro; ↑ antimalarial IgG	Clatworthy et al., 2007, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
FcgRIIB/TLR7	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	FcgRIIB-/-.yaa (SLE-susceptible), contains a duplication of TLR7	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (10%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (~1 week); ↑ splenomegaly 7 days p.i.; ↓ postmortem brain and similar kidney weight; developped moderated kidney inflammation; ↓ number of brain microhemorrhages; ↑ serum GM-CSF and IL-10 before infection; similar levels of serum GM-CSF and ↓ IL-10, IFN-g, IL-12p70, IL-17, IL-6, MCP-1 and RANTES 5 days p.i.; splenic immune cell populations had features of a controlled chronic activation before infection that was absent in WT mice, and infection resulted in ↓ inflammatory responses compared to WT mice; similar recruitment of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with a similar activation status in the brain	Waisberg et al., 2010, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
FcgRIIB/TLR7	Plasmodium yoelii 17XL	C57BL/6	FcgRIIB-/-.yaa (SLE-susceptible), contains a duplication of TLR7	yes	yes	HP&A	HP&A	Similar	Similar mortality; ↑ splenomegaly; ↓ brain and similar kidney weight	Waisberg et al., 2010, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
Fibrinogen	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/J	fibrinogen inhibitor	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	Similar thrombocytopenia	Senaldi et al., 1998, Cytokine	Link
Free radicals	Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA	CBA/CaH	free radical scavenger (BHA)	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Increased peak	N.I.	Clark et al., 1987, J Immunol	Link
G-CSF	Plasmodium berghei XAT	CBA	rhG-CSF	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Decreased first peak	↑ neutrophils count in peripheral blood prior to infection	Waki at al., 1993, Parasitol Res	Link
G-CSF/IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei XAT	CBA	rhG-CSF + anti-IFN-g	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Waki at al., 1993, Parasitol Res	Link
G-CSF/TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei XAT	CBA	rhG-CSF + anti-TNF-a	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Waki at al., 1993, Parasitol Res	Link
gd T cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	d-chain-/- (gd TCR-/-)	yes	yes	CM (53%)	CM (62,5%)	Similar	N.I.	Boubou et al., 1999, Int Immunol	Link
gd T cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-gd TCR (early treatment)	yes	yes	CM (78%)	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Yañez et al., 1999, Infect Immun	Link
gd T cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-gd TCR (late treatment)	yes	yes	CM (67%)	67%	N.I.	N.I.	Yañez et al., 1999, Infect Immun	Link
gd T cells	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6 x 129	d-chain-/- (gd TCR-/-)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (54%)	Similar	N.I.	Yañez et al., 1999, Infect Immun	Link
gd T cells	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6	anti-gd TCR	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Similar plasma IFN-g and splenic IFN-g mRNA expression 24h p.i.	Mitchell et al., 2005, Infect Immun	Link
gd T cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	129/Sv x C57BL/6	d -/- TCR	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Delayed clearance	N.I.	Seixas et al., 1999, J Immunol	Link
gd T cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	C57BL/6	anti-gd TCR	no	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	Delayed clearance	N.I.	Seixas et al., 1999, J Immunol	Link
gd T cells	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	129 x C57BL/6	d-chain-/- (gd TCR-/-)	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Delayed clearance	Similar hypothermia, hypoglycemia and weight loss (slower recovery from weight loss); similar precursor frequency of IFN-g producing CD4+ T cells and ↑ precursor frequency of IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells 31 days p.i. to malaria antigens; earlier ↑ and greater response of CD4+ T cells providing help to B cells; ↑ malaria-specific IgG1, IgG3 and similar IgG2a, IgG2b	Seixas et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6J	dexamethasone	yes	yes	CM	No CM	Decreased from day 9	No neurological symptoms or hypothermia (dose-dependent)	Curfs et al., 1993, Parasitology	Link
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6J	dexamethasone (late treatment)	yes	yes	MA-ARDS (90%)	MA-ARDS (10%)	Increased	↓ lung weight 10 days p.i.; ↓ IFN-g and MCP-1, ↑ TNF-a, IL-10, IL-1b and MIP-2 and similar MIF, mGCP-2/LIX, KC and MIG mRNA expression in the lungs 10 days p.i.; the mRNA expression of IP-10 and I-TAC were unsignificantly ↑; ↓ number of macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and similar numbers of neutrophils in the lungs 10 days p.i.; ↓ number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen 10 days p.i.; ↓ % of Treg cells in infected spleens	Van den Steen et al., 2010, Am J Crit Care Med	Link
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)/TNF-a	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6J	dexamethasone + rHu-TNF-a (↑ dose)	yes	yes	CM	No CM	Decreased on day 7	No neurological symptoms (only for combinations with a low dose of dexamethasone (2,5 or 5 mg/mL) and when TNF-a was administered on day 7-8)	Curfs et al., 1993, Parasitology	Link
GM-CSF	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	anti-GM-CSF	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (70%)	Similar	Similar mortality	Grau et al., 1988, J Exp Med	Link
GM-CSF	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	anti-GM-CSF	yes	N.I.	CM (80%)	N.I.	N.I.	↓ serum IL-6	Grau et al., 1990, J Exp Med	Link
GM-CSF	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	129/Ola x C57BL/6	GM-CSF -/-	no	♂ 75 %; ♀ 46 %	Anemia	Anemia	Increased peak and increased recrudescences	↓ splenomegaly; ↓ leukocytosis (↓ number of macrophages, lymphocytes and similar granulocytes); similar anemia and erythropoiesis; ↑ serum TNF-a and IFN-g (↑ serum IFN-g also in uninfected KO mice compared to uninfected WT mice)	Riopel et al., 2001, Infect Immun	Link
Histamine R1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	H1R inhibitor (levocetirizine)	yes	yes	CM (80%)	CM (30%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks) only when used prophylactic; ↓ IFN-g and TNF-a brain mRNA expression 6 days p.i.	Beghdadi et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
Histamine R1	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	H1R -/-	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Prolonged survival (~3 days)	Beghdadi et al., 2008, J Exp Med	Link
Histamine R1	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	H1R inhibitor (levocetirizine)	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Prolonged survival (~3 days)	Beghdadi et al., 2008, J Exp Med	Link
Histamine R2	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	H2R inhibitor (cimetidine)	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Prolonged survival (~3 days)	Beghdadi et al., 2008, J Exp Med	Link
Histamine R2	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	H2R -/-	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Prolonged survival (~3 days)	Beghdadi et al., 2008, J Exp Med	Link
Histamine R3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J x 129/Ola	H3R -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Increased	Earlier death (days); Brain: earlier and ↑ Evans blue dye extravasation; ↑ number of RBC (u+p) aggregates; ↑ sequestration of CD4+, CD8+ T cells, CD11b+GR1low (macrophages) and CD11b+GR1high (Neutrophils + inflammatory macrophages) cells; ↑ levels of tele-methylhistamine (also in non-infected H3R-/- mice); ↓ mRNA expression of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) 6 days p.i. (naïve H3R -/- mice have higher levels than naïve C56BL/6J mice); ↑ plasma histamine levels 3 and 5 days p.i. (not 6 days p.i.); in vitro IL-10 and TNF-a production by P. berghei ANKA stimulated splenocytes peaked with a delay of 1 day, while IFN-g production was ↑ 4 days p.i.	Beghdadi et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
Histamine R3	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	H3R agonist	yes	yes	CM (50%)	CM (25%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks)	Beghdadi et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
Histamine R3	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	H3R inhibitor (imetit)	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Beghdadi et al., 2008, J Exp Med	Link
Histamine R3/R1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	H3R -/-	H1R inhibitor (levocetirizine)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (75%)	Similar	Similar IFN-g and ↓ TNF-a brain mRNA expression 6 days p.i.	Beghdadi et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
Histamine R3/R2	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	H3R -/-	H2R inhibitor (cimetidine)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (60%)	Similar	↓ IFN-g and TNF-a brain mRNA expression 6 days p.i.	Beghdadi et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
Histamine R4	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	H4R inhibitor (JNJ7777120)	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Beghdadi et al., 2008, J Exp Med	Link
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	HDC -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	Decreased on day 9	Prolonged survival (~2 weeks); no neurological symptoms; ↓ pRBC aggregates, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and ICAM-1 expression in brain microvessels; ↓ ICAM-1, IL-10, IFN-g and IL-5 mRNA, ↑ VCAM-1 mRNA and unsignificant ↓ IL-4 mRNA expression in the brain; ↓ serum IFN-g, KC and IL-5; similar serum TNF-a, IL-10, and MIP-1a; unsignificant ↓ in serum IL-6 and MCP-1; similar CD8 OT-1 and CD4 OT-2 proliferative responses after treatment with OVA	Beghdadi et al., 2008, J Exp Med	Link
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)/CD4	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	HDC -/-	anti-CD4	yes	yes	No CM	No CM	Increased	Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks)	Beghdadi et al., 2008, J Exp Med	Link
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)/CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	HDC -/-	anti-CD8	yes	yes	No CM	No CM	Increased	Similar survival	Beghdadi et al., 2008, J Exp Med	Link
HMG-CoA reductase	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statins)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	↓ plasma IFN-g and similar plasma levels of MCP-1 5 days p.i.; similar plasma levels of IL-6 6 days p.i.; dose-dependent ↑ of TNF-a and IL-6 production by TLR2 and TLR4-stimulated peritoneal macrophages	Helmers et al., 2009, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
HMGB1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	+ anti-HMGB1	yes	yes	CM (95%)	CM (75%)	Similar	Similar mortality; similar plasma levels of TNF, IL-12, IFN-g, IL-10 and CCL2 (MCP-1)	Higgins et al., 2013, Malar J	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	DBA/2	CO gas	yes	yes	ALI (55%) or HP&A	HP&A	Similar	↓ mortality from ALI (0% vs 50%); no ↑ in serum VEGF levels; no pulmonary hemorrhages or edema	Epiphanio et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	HO-1 -/- (Hmox1 -/-)	yes	yes	No CM	CM (83.3%)	Similar	BBB breakdown; brain parenchymal hemorrhages; accumulation of activated leukocytes and red blood cells in brain microvasculature	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	SCID	HO-1 -/- (Hmox1 -/-)	yes	yes	N.I.	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	HO-1 inhibitor	yes	yes	No CM	CM (77.5%)	Similar	BBB breakdown; brain hemorrhages; accumulation of activated leukocytes and red blood cells in brain microvasculature	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	HO-1 inducer	yes	yes	No CM	No CM	Delayed onset	No neurological symptoms	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	heme	yes	yes	No CM	CM (100%)	N.I.	CM symptoms; in vitro data demonstrate that heme in the presence of ROS can disrupt BBB tight junctions	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	HO-1 inhibitor	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	Similar BBB breakdown, microvascular congestion and hemorrhages in brain; similar plasma free heme concentration (increased compared to uninfected C57BL/6 mice)	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	HO-1 inducer	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (10%)	Delayed onset	75 % reduction of BBB disruption; no red blood cell and leukocyte sequestration in brain microvasculature; no brain hemorrhages; ↓ plasma free heme concentration	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	CO gas	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	Similar	Protective effect was only seen with early CO treatment; 80 % reduction of BBB disruption; reduced red blood cell and leukocyte sequestration in brain microvasculature; no brain hemorrhages; ↓TNF-a, IFN-g, LT-a, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA in brain; ↓CD8+CD69+ T cells, CD8+IFN-g+ T cells, macrophages and PMN recruitment into the brain; restored MetHb concentration; restored plasma free heme concentration to basal levels without inhibition of red blood cell lysis	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	CO gas + heme	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	Heme reversed the protective effect of CO on CM	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	biliverdin	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	N.I.	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	heme	yes	yes	No CM	CM (100%)	N.I.	CM symptoms	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	129 Sv x BALB/c	Hmox-1 -/-	no	yes	No liverpathology	Liver pathology	Similar	↑ plasma ALT, similar plasma creatinine and urea, no brain edema; accumulation of plasma protein-bound and non-protein bound heme; ↑ TBARS (lipid peroxidation derivatives in hepatocytes)	Seixas et al., 2009, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	BALB/c-SCID	Hmox-1 -/-	yes	yes	HP&A	N.I.	Similar	Earlier mortality (days)	Seixas et al., 2009, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	DBA/2	antioxidans	80%	no	Liver pathology and severe anemia	No liverpathology	Similar	↓ plasma AST	Seixas et al., 2009, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS	DBA/2	HO-1 expressing adenovirus in liver	yes	no	Liver pathology and severe anemia	No liverpathology	Similar	No ↑ in plasma AST and no liver portal and centrilobular vein necrosis	Seixas et al., 2009, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
HO-1	Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL + Salmonella typhimurium	C57BL/6	HO-1 inhibitor	yes 100% 18h after S.t. infection	yes (20% 18h after S.t. infection	Bacteremia (100%)	Bacteremia (~20%)	Similar	Infection by P. yoelii XNL decreased resistance against S. typhimurium. HO-1 inhibition restored this resistance and prevented accumulation of S. typhimurium within granulocytes resulting in prolonged survival	Cunnington et al., 2012, Nat Med	Link
HO-1/CD8	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	HO-1 -/- (Hmox1 -/-) + anti-CD8	yes	yes	No CM	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Pamplona et al., 2007, Nat Med	Link
HVEM	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	anti-HVEM	yes	yes	CM (90%)	CM (90%)	Similar	Similar neurologic symptoms	Randall et al., 2008, J Immunol	Link
Hydrogen sulfide gas (HS)	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	+ NaHS (fast-releasing donor of HS) or GYY4137 (slow-releasing donor of HS)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	Similar levels of free plasma thiols	DellaValle et al., 2013, PLoS One	Link
IDO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	IDO-1 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	Similar	Similar histopathology; ↓ IDO-2 mRNA expression in brain (also in non-infected animals → IDO-2 in close proximity to IDO-1, and probably partly affected by gene knock out procedure); no ↑ tryptophan dioxygenase (Tdo) mRNA expression in brain; ↓ brain kynurenic acid (KA) (similar t non-infected IDO-1 -/- mice); ↓ brain quinolinic acid (QA) (but only slightly higher than non-infected IDO-1 -/- mice); ↓ brain picolinic acid (PA) (but significantly ↑ than non-infected IDO-1 -/- mice)	Miu et al, 2009, Int J Parasitol	Link
IDO-1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	kynurenine-3-hydroxilase inhibitor (i.p. vs p.o.)	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (60% i.p. or 75% p.o.)	Decreased (i.p.) or similar (p.o.)	No neurologic symptoms; prolonged survival (~ 2 weeks); ↓ brain PA (also ↓ in mice that developed fatal CM, but less pronounced); similar KA and QA levels in brain	Miu et al, 2009, Int J Parasitol	Link
Ifit1	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	Ifit1 -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	CM (100%)	N.I.	N.I.	Berghout et al., 2013, PLoS Pathog	Link
IFN-a	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	rHu-IFN-a	yes	yes	CM (87%)	CM (6%)	Delayed onset and decreased	Prolonged survival (~ 1 week): parasitemia increased when IFN-a treatment was abrogated; ↓ leukocytes in cerebral vessels and spleen; ↓ ICAM-1 in brain; ↓ serum TNF-a and↑ serum IFN-g; survival was prolonged by blood transfusion; ↓ reticulocytosis; similar anemia	Vigário et al., 2007, J Immunol	Link
IFN-a/IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	rHu-IFN-a + anti- IFN-g	yes	yes	CM	N.I.	Decreased	The inhibitory effect of IFN-a was partially abrogated	Vigário et al., 2007, J Immunol	Link
IFN-b	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	rIFN-b	yes	yes	CM (80%)	CM (40%) (at the end of observation day 10)	Similar	↓ BBB leakage, ↓ brain inflammatory cell infiltrates and improved vascular integrity 5 days p.i.; ↓ plasma MIG, TNF-a, IFNg, ↑ plasma IP-10 and similar plasma sICAM-1; ↓ MIG protein and ↑ IP-10 protein in the brain 5 days p.i.; ↓ MIG, ICAM-1 and ↑ IP-10 mRNA in the brain 5 days p.i.; ↓CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells in the brain 6 days p.i.; ↓ T cells CXCR3 expression in the spleen 6 days p.i.; ↓ CXCR3 mRNA expression in the brain 6 days p.i.	Morell et al., 2011, Infect Immun	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	IFN-g -/-	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	↓ ICAM-1 and similar P-selectin protein expression in brain and lungs	Bauer et al., 2002, Microcirculation	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	IFN-g -/-	yes	yes	CM (100%)	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Berghout et al., 2013, PLoS Pathog	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	anti-IFN-g	yes	yes	CM (87,5%)	CM (10-23,5%)	Similar	Prolonged survival (1-2 weeks); no neurological symptoms; no protection when administered just before onset of symptoms (day 7);↓ serum TNF-a; similar mononuclear cell infiltration in spleen and lymph nodes; no sequestration of macrophages, T cells or pRBC in the brain	Grau et al., 1989, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	CBA/Ca	anti-IFN-g	yes	N.I.	CM (80%)	N.I.	N.I.	↓ serum IL-6; similar serum IgG	Grau et al., 1990, J Exp Med	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	N.I.	IFN-g -/-	yes	yes	CM	No CM	N.I.	No ↑ Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) mRNA expression in the brain ; no IDO immunoreactivity in the endothelium of non-productive tissue; similar IDO staining in epididymal tissue	Hansen et al., 2004, Int J Parasitol	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	IFN-g -/-	yes	yes	CM	no	Similar	No neurologic symptoms; ↑ levels (normal values) of [31P]-containing metabolites (phosphocreatinine (PCr), and PCr:PME), ↑ levels of b-ATP, similar levels (normal values) of phosphomonoesters (PME), and ↓ levels (normal values) of inorganic phosphate (Pi), Pi:b-ATP and Pi:PCr in brain 6-7 days p.i.; normal lactate, glutamate, GABA, aspartate, alanine, NAA and glutamine metabolite pool sizes in brain (compared with uninfected IFN-g -/- mice); no ↓ brain net flux of 13C from D-[1-13C]glucose into metabolic intermediates associated with Krebs cycle (normal compared to uninfected IFN-g -/- mice), except for Ala C3 which did not change upon infection	Parekh et al., 2006, Int J Parasitol	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6	IFN-g -/-	yes	yes	CM (96,5%)	No CM	N.I.	No ↑ brain IDO activity	Sanni et al., 1998, Am J Pathol	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	BALB/c	IFN-g -/-	yes	yes	No CM	N.I.	Similar	↓ mRNA expression of chemokines (MCP-1, RANTES, MIP-1b, MIG, IP-10, I-TAC) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, LFA-1, P-selectin, VCAM-1, PECAM-1) and abrogated IP-10 protein expression in the brain	Van den Steen et al., 2008, Eur J Immunol	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	C57BL/6J	anti-IFN-g	yes	yes	CM	N.I.	Similar	N.I.	Vigário et al., 2007, J Immunol	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei ANKA	129 x C57BL/6	IFN-g -/-	yes	yes	CM (58%)	No CM	N.I.	N.I.	Yañez et al., 1996, J Immunol	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei K173	C57BL/6	IFN-g -/-	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	N.I.	No ↑ IDO and similar IL-10, IL-12 and IL-18 mRNA expression 24h p.i. in the spleen	Mitchell et al., 2005, Infect Immun	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei NK65	BALB/c	IFN-g -/-	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Similar mortality	Ishih et al., 2008, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei NK65	CBA/JNCrj	anti-IFN-g	yes	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Similar	Prolonged survival (~ 1 week)	Waki et al., 1992, Immunology	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei NK65	C57BL/6	anti-IFN-g	yes	yes	Liver pathology	Liver pathology	Similar	Prolonged survival (~ 1 week)	Yoshimoto et al., 1998, J Immunol	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei XAT	CBA/JNCrj	anti-IFN-g	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Increased	N.I.	Waki et al., 1992, Immunology	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei XAT	C57BL/6	IFN-g -/-	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	No parasite clearance	↓ phagocytic activity by splenic macrophages; similar total IgG; ↓ IgG2a	Yoneto et al., 2001, J Immunol	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei XAT	CBA/JNCrj	anti-IFN-g	no	yes	N.I.	N.I.	Increased and no clearance	N.I.	Yoshimoto et al., 1998, J Infect Dis	Link
IFN-g	Plasmodium berghei XAT	CBA/JNCrj	rIFN-g	no	no	N.I.	N.I.	Delayed onset and no second peak	N.I.	Yoshimoto et al., 1998, J Infect Dis	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Mouse treatment

Pages

a4 integrin chain
ab T cell
ABCA1
Apo-AI
Arachidonic acid
ASC
B cells
B cells/gd T cells
B cells/IFN-g
B/C2
b2 integrin (CD18)
Bcl-2
C1q
C3aR
C3aR/C5aR
C5
C5a
C5aR
C9
Caspase-1
Caspase-12
Caspase-12/caspase-1
Caspase-12/IFN-g
Caspase-12/IKK
caspases
Catecholamines
CCR2
CCR5
CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1)
CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1, CR3)
CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1, CR3)
CD11c/CD18 (CR4)
CD11d/CD18
CD134L
CD14
CD1d-restricted NKT cells
CD36
CD4
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells
CD4+CD25+T cells
CD4/CD8
CD4/CD8/B cells
CD40
CD40L
CD41/CD61 (gpIIb/IIIa)
CD54 (ICAM-1)
CD62L (L-selectin, LECAM-1)
CD62P (P-selectin)
CD8
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells
CD8+ T cell/CD1d-restricted NKT cells/IP-10
CD80
CD80/CD86
CD86
Class A type I and II macrophage scavenger receptors
COX-1/2
COX-2
CRP
CTLA-4
CTLA-4/CD4
CTLA-4/CD8
CTLA-4/IFN-g
CTLA-4/TNF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL12 (SDF-1a)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL9 (MIG)
CXCR3
CXCR4
Cystamine (CysH)
Cysteamine (CysH)
Cytidine deaminase AID (Aicda)/Ig heavy chain µ-secretory domein
EPO
Fas
FasL
FcgR
FcgRI
FcgRIIB
FcgRIIB/TLR7
Fibrinogen
Free radicals
G-CSF
G-CSF/IFN-g
G-CSF/TNF-a
gd T cells
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)/TNF-a
GM-CSF
Histamine R1
Histamine R2
Histamine R3
Histamine R3/R1
Histamine R3/R2
Histamine R4
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)/CD4
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)/CD8
HMG-CoA reductase
HMGB1
HO-1
HO-1/CD8
HVEM
Hydrogen sulfide gas (HS)
IDO-1
Ifit1
IFN-a
IFN-a/IFN-g
IFN-b
IFN-g
IFN-g
IFN-g
IFN-g/CTLA-4
IFN-gR
IFN-gRa
IFNabR
IFNaR1
IFNaR1
IL-10
IL-10/CD25
IL-10/IFN-g
IL-10/TGF-b
IL-10/TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12/CD4
IL-12/chloroquine
IL-12/CTLA-4
IL-12/IFN-g
IL-12/IFN-g/TNF-a
IL-12/NK cells
IL-12/NOS2
IL-12/TNF-a
IL-12p40
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18/CTLA-4
IL-1a
IL-1a/IFN-g
IL-1b
IL-1R
IL-2
IL-2/B cells
IL-2/gd T cell
IL-23p19
IL-27R
IL-27R/CD4
IL-27R/CD8
IL-27R/IFN-g
IL-27R/IFN-g/TNF-a
IL-27R/IL-10
IL-27R/TNF-a
IL-3
IL-3/GM-CSF
IL-4
IL-4/NK cells
IL-4/NOS2
IL-4Ra
IL-4Ra/NK cells
IL-4Ra/NOS2
IL-6
Immune cells
IRF-1
IRF-1/IL-12
IRF8
Irgm1
Isg15
Jak3
Kynurenine-3-hydroxylase
LAG-3
LIGHT
LMP7
LT
LTa
LTab
LTb
LTbR
LTbR/testosterone
Lymphocytes
Mannose receptors
meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
MHC-II
MHC-II/CD4
MHC-II/IP-10
Microparticle (MP)
MMP-9
MMP/TACE
Monocyte/Macrophages
MyD88
NADPH oxidase
NADPH oxidase/B cells
NADPH oxidase/NOS2
NADPH oxidase/NOS2/XO
NADPH oxidase/XO
NADPH oxidase/XO/B cells
Neutrophils + eosinophils
NK cells
NK/NKT cells
NKT cell
Nlrc4
Nlrp3
Nod1Nod2
NOS2
NOS2/B cells
NOS2/XO
NOS2/XO/B cells
NOS3
P2X7R
PAFR
Pantethine
PARP-1
PD-L1
PD-L1/CD4
PD-L1/CD8
PD-L1/IFN-g
PD-L1/LAG-3
PD-L1/TNF
PD-L2
Perforin (PFP)
PGI2
Plasmacytoid DCs
Plasmin
Platelets
Scavenger receptors
sFLT1 (sVEGFR)
SOCS1
SOCS2
Stat1
T cells
T cells/CD8
Taurine
Testosterone
TGF-b
TGF-b/IL-10R
TGF-b1
TIRAP
Tissue PA (tPA)
TLR1
TLR2
TLR2/4
TLR2/4/9
TLR3
TLR4
TLR5
TLR6
TLR7
TLR9
TLR9/CD4
TLR9/IFN-g
TNF
TNF-a
TNF-a/ IFN-g
TNF-a/ LT-a
TNFR1
TNFR2
TRIF
uPA receptor (uPAR, CD87)
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)
Va14+ NKT cell

Plasmodium berghei (N.I.)
Plasmodium berghei ANKA
Plasmodium berghei K173
Plasmodium berghei NK65
Plasmodium berghei Pasteur
Plasmodium berghei tg for P. falciparum MSP19
Plasmodium berghei XAT
Plasmodium chabaudi
Plasmodium chabaudi (N.I.)
Plasmodium chabaudi adami 408XZ
Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA
Plasmodium chabaudi adami DK
Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS
Plasmodium chabaudi AS
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi A/J
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi CR
Plasmodium vinckei (N.I.)
Plasmodium vinckei petteri CR
Plasmodium vinckei vinckei
Plasmodium yoelii
Plasmodium yoelii 17NL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL + Salmonella typhimurium
Plasmodium yoelii 265

rhG-CSF + anti-IFN-g
+ adoptive transfer of splenic CD8+ cells from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of splenic CD8+ cells from IFNaR1-/- mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of splenocytes depleted of CD8+ cells from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ adoptive transfer of total splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice that had recieved irradiated pRBCs
+ anti-HMGB1
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) (day -1) + serum amyloid P (rSAP)
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitor (Clopidogrel) (day -1)
+ anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitor (Clopidogrel) (day 1)
+ cystamine hydrochloride (prophylactic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride
+ cysteamine hydrochloride (prophylactic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride (therapeutic treatment)
+ cysteamine hydrochloride + a suboptimal dose of artesunate
+ cysteamine hydrochloride + a suboptimal dose of artesunate or dihydroartemisinin
+ DMSA (structural analogue of CysH, prophylactic treatment)
+ NaHS (fast-releasing donor of HS) or GYY4137 (slow-releasing donor of HS)
+ pantethine (structural analogue of CysH, prophylactic treatment)
12.5% DNA from A/J mice (including the C5 mutant gene) (= BcA76)
12.5% DNA from C57BL/6 mice (including the C5 WT gene) (= AcB55)
A -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-CD4
A -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-NK1.1
A -/- or Ii -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4)
A -/- or Ii -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-CD4
ab TCR -/-
ABCA1 -/-
aD -/-
Adoptive transfer of immune CD4+ splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells + anti-CD4
Adoptive transfer of immune T cells + anti-CD8
adoptive transfer of in vivo activated WT splenocytes or CD8+ T cells (day 0)
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD4
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD8
adoptively transfered CD8 + T cells from PFP -/- mice
adoptively transfered CD8 + T cells from WT mice
Aicda -/- (mature B cells which produce IgM, but they cannot undergo isotype switching or secrete Abs)
anti-a4 integrin
anti-asialo GM1
anti-C5a
anti-C5aR
anti-C9
anti-CD11a
anti-CD11b
anti-CD134L (anti-OX89)
anti-CD14
anti-CD25 (day - 1 and day 1)
anti-CD25 (day -1 and +1)
anti-CD25 (day -1)
anti-CD25 (day -14)
anti-CD25 (day -2 and -6h)
anti-CD25 (day -3, -1 and 5)
anti-CD25 (day -30)
anti-CD25 (day 4)
anti-CD4
anti-CD4 (early treatment)
anti-CD4 (late treatment)
anti-CD4 + adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ and B+ splenocytes
anti-CD4 + adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ splenocytes
anti-CD4 and anti-CD8
anti-CD40L
anti-CD41 (early treatment)
anti-CD61 (early treatment)
anti-CD8
anti-CD8 (early treatment)
anti-CD8 (late treatment)
anti-CD80
anti-CD80 and anti-CD86
anti-CD86
anti-CTLA-4
anti-CTLA-4 (day 0)
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-CD4
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-CD8
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-IFN-g
anti-CTLA-4 + anti-TNF
anti-CXCL10 (d3-9)
anti-CXCL10 (d5-9)
anti-gd TCR
anti-gd TCR (early treatment)
anti-gd TCR (late treatment)
anti-GM-CSF
anti-Gr-1 (day - 1)
anti-Gr-1 (late treatment)
anti-hEpo
anti-HVEM
anti-ICAM-1
anti-IFN-g
anti-IL-10
anti-IL-10R
anti-IL-12
anti-IL-12p40
anti-IL-18
anti-IL-3
anti-IL-3 and anti-GM-CSF
anti-IL-4
anti-IL-6
anti-L-selectin
anti-LAG-3
anti-LTbR
anti-m-chain from birth
anti-m-chain from birth (no B cells)
anti-NK1.1
anti-P-selectin
anti-PD-L1
anti-PD-L1 + anti-CD4
anti-PD-L1 + anti-CD8
anti-PD-L1 + anti-IFN-g
anti-PD-L1 + anti-LAG-3
anti-PD-L1 + anti-TNF
anti-PD-L2
anti-pDC (120G8)
anti-platelet
anti-platelet (anti-GPIb) or platelet inhibitors (acetylsalisyllic acid (ASA) or Clopidogrel (day 1)
anti-TGF-b
anti-TGF-b + anti-IL-10R
anti-Thy-1
anti-TNF-a
anti-TNF-a (Mab)
anti-TNF-a (PAb)
anti-TNF-a + anti-IFN-g
antioxidans
Apo-AI -/-
aprotinin (serine protease inhibitor)
ASC -/-
AT x BM (no thymus: no mature T cells)
b TCR -/-
b TCR -/- + adoptive transfer of a mixture of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from WT or Nlrp3-/- mice
b2 microglobuline -/-
b2 microglobuline -/- + anti-IP-10
BALB/c-nu/nu
Beige mutation (bg/ bg) (defect in NK cell cytotoxicity)
Bg/bg + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
biliverdin
Broad-spectrum MMP/TACE inhibitor
C1qa -/-
C3aR -/-
C3aR -/- + C5aR -/-
C5 -/-
C5aR -/-
Casp1 -/-
Casp12 -/-
Casp12 -/- + anti-IFN-g
Casp12 -/- + IKK inhibitor
Casp12 -/- + selective caspase-1 inhibitor (YVAD)
caspase inhibitor (ZVAD-fmk)
Caspase-1 -/-
CCR2 -/-
CCR5 -/-
CD14 -/-
CD18 -/-
CD1d -/-
CD36 -/-
CD36 -/- chimeras
CD4 -/-
CD4+ splenic T cells from normal mice
CD4+ T cells from mice with CM (LN derived)
CD40 -/-
CD40L -/-
CD8 -/-
Chemical activation of macrophages (early treatment) (liposomal MDP-GDP)
Chemical activation of macrophages (late treatment) (liposomal MDP-GDP)
Chemical depletion of macrophages (silica)
Chemical depletion of macrophages from spleen and liver (early treatment) (lip-Cl2MDP)
Chemical depletion of macrophages from spleen and liver (late treatment) (lip-Cl2MDP)
CO gas
CO gas + heme
COX1/COX2 inhibitor (aspirin)
CR3 -/-
CR4 -/-
CRP-tg
CXCL10 -/-
CXCL9 -/-
CXCR3 -/-
CXCR4 antagonist
d -/- TCR
d-chain-/- (gd TCR-/-)
dexamethasone
dexamethasone (late treatment)
dexamethasone + rHu-TNF-a (↑ dose)
Fas -/- (lpr)
FasL -/- (gld)
FcgRIIB-/- (SLE-susceptible)
FcgRIIB-/-.yaa (SLE-susceptible), contains a duplication of TLR7
FcRg -/-
fibrinogen inhibitor
fish oil (structural analog of arachidonic acid)
free radical scavenger (BHA)
GM-CSF -/-
gp91phox -/- (no ROS)
H1R -/-
H1R inhibitor (levocetirizine)
H2-Bf/C2 -/-
H2R -/-
H2R inhibitor (cimetidine)
H3R -/-
H3R agonist
H3R inhibitor (imetit)
H4R inhibitor (JNJ7777120)
HDC -/-
heme
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statins)
Hmox-1 -/-
HO-1 -/- (Hmox1 -/-)
HO-1 -/- (Hmox1 -/-) + anti-CD8
HO-1 expressing adenovirus in liver
HO-1 inducer
HO-1 inhibitor
Hu-FcRI-tg + anti-PfMSP-1
IA-b -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4)
IA-b -/- (↓MHC-II → ↓ CD4) + anti-IP-10
ICAM-1-/-
IDO-1 -/-
Ifit1 -/-
IFN-g -/-
IFN-g -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IFN-gR -/-
IFN-gRa -/-
IFNabR -/-
IFNaR1 -/-
IL-10 -/-
IL-10 -/- + anti-CD25
IL-10 -/- + anti-IFN-g
IL-10-/- x IFN-gR-/-
IL-12 -/-
IL-12p40 -/-
IL-12p40 -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IL-12p40 -/- + rIL-12
IL-15 -/-
IL-17-/- (17KO)
IL-18 -/-
IL-18 -/- + anti-CTLA-4
IL-1R -/-
IL-2 -/-
IL-2 -/- x m-MT
IL-23p19-/- (P19KO)
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-)
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-CD4
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-CD8
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-IFN-g
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + anti-TNF-a
IL-27R-/- (WSX-1 -/-) + rIL-10
IL-3 -/-
IL-4 -/-
IL-4 -/- + anti-asialo GM1
IL-4 -/- + NOS2 inhibitor
IL-4Ra -/-
IL-4Ra -/- + anti-asialo GM1
IL-4Ra -/- + NOS2 inhibitor
in vitro activated WT and CXCR3 -/- effector CD8+ T cells (day 5)
IRF-1 -/-
IRF-1 -/- + rIL-12
IRF8 +/- [BXH2 x B6]F1
IRF8 -/- (BXH2)
Irgm1 -/-
Isg15 -/-
Ja281 -/-
Jak3 -/-
JH-gene segment -/- (JHD -/-)
JHD-/- (no B cells) + anti-IFN-g
kynurenine-3-hydroxilase inhibitor (i.p. vs p.o.)
kynurenine-3-hydroxylase inhibitor
LFA1 -/-
LIGHT -/-
LMP7 -/-
LT -/-
LT-a -/-
LTa -/-
LTab -/-
LTb -/-
LTbR -/-
m-BCR -/- (m-MT)
m-BCR -/- (m-MT) + anti-gd TCR
m-MT x d -/- TCR
mannan
MHC-II -/-(↓ CD4)
MMP-9 -/-
MP formation inhibitor (pantethine)
MyD88 -/-
NKC complex BALB/c (B6.BALB/c-Cmv1s)
NKC complex C57BL/6 (BALB.B6-Cmv1r)
Nlrc4 -/-
Nlrp3 -/-
NO donor or + NO gas
no T/B cells
Nod1Nod2 -/-
non-selective COX-1/2 inhibitor (indomethacin)
NOS inhibitor
NOS2 -/-
NOS2 inhibitor
NOS3 -/-
Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells
over-expression of bcl-2 in myeloid cells (hMRP8-Bcl-2 mice)
P-selectin -/-
P2X7R -/-
p47phox-/- (no ROI produced by the NADPH oxidase pathway)
p47phox-/- x NOS2-/-
PAFR -/-
PAFR selective antagonist (UK74,505)
PARP -/-
PF-4 -/-
PFP -/-
phenoxybenzamine (alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist)
RAG1-/-
RAG2 -/- (no mature T/B cells)
rhG-CSF
rhG-CSF + anti-TNF-a
rHu-IFN-a
rHu-IFN-a + anti- IFN-g
rHu-TNF-a
rHu-TNF-a (↑ dose)
rHu-TNF-a (↓ dose)
rHu-TNF-a or rMu-TNF-a
rHuEpo
rHuTNF-a
rIFN-b
rIFN-g
rIL-10
rIL-12
rIL-12 + anti-asialo GM1
rIL-12 + anti-CD4
rIL-12 + anti-IFN-g
rIL-12 + anti-IFN-g + anti-TNF-a
rIL-12 + anti-TNF-a
rIL-12 + chloroquine
rIL-12 + NOS2 inhibitor
rIL-18
rIL-1a
rIL-1a + anti-IFN-g
rIL-1b
rIL-2
rIL-2 + anti -gd-T cell
rIL-6
rmEpo
rPF-4
rTGF-b
rTGF-b1 (oral)
Scavenger receptor blockage by Poly(I)
SCID (No T/B cells)
SDF-1a
selective COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib)
sFLT1-expressing adenovirusses
SOCS1 +/-
SOCS1 -/-
SOCS2 -/-
soluble ICAM-1
SR-AI/II -/-
Stat1 -/-
synthetic PGI2 analog
Taut -/-
testosterone
Tg + soluble TNFR1
TH1 cells from infected mice
TH1 cells from infected mice + NOS inhibitor
TH2 cells from infected mice
TH2 cells from infected mice + NOS inhibitor
Thymectomy + anti-CD4
Thymectomy + anti-CD4 (early treatment)
Thymectomy + anti-CD8
TIRAP -/-
TLR1 -/-
TLR2 -/-
TLR2/4 -/-
TLR2/4/9 -/-
TLR3 -/-
TLR4 -/-
TLR5 -/-
TLR6 -/-
TLR7 -/-
TLR7.tg (SLE-susceptible)
TLR9 -/-
TNF -/-
TNF-a -/-
TNF-a -/- x LT-a -/-
TNFR1 -/-
TNFR2 -/-
TNFR2 -/-bone marrow cells
tPA -/-
TRIF -/-
uPA -/-
uPAR -/-
WT bone marrow cells
xanthine oxidase inhibitor
µ-chain -/- (µ-MT )