|
T cells |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
BALB/c-nu/+ |
Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells |
no |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
N.I. |
↓ IFN-g and similar IL-4 and TNF-a protein levels in the spleen 24h p.i.; ↑ parasite inoculum was necessary to induce IFN-g production in spleen |
De Souza et al., 1997, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
T cells |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
C57BL/10SnJ-nu/nu |
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD4 |
yes |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
N.I. |
Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol |
Link |
|
T cells |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
BALB/c |
Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells |
no |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Increased without clearance |
N.I. |
Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol |
Link |
|
T cells |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
BALB/c-nu/nu |
Adoptive transfer of immune CD4+ splenocytes |
yes |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Spontaneous parasite clearance |
N.I. |
Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol |
Link |
|
T cells |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
BALB/c-nu/nu |
Adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ splenocytes |
yes |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
N.I. |
Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol |
Link |
|
T cells |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
C57BL/10SnJ |
Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells |
no |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
No parasite clearance |
N.I. |
Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol |
Link |
|
T cells |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
C57BL/10SnJ-nu/nu |
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes |
yes |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Spontaneous parasite clearance |
N.I. |
Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol |
Link |
|
T cells |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
C57BL/10SnJ-nu/nu |
Adoptive transfer of unfractionated immune splenocytes + anti-CD8 |
yes |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Spontaneous parasite clearance |
N.I. |
Vinetz et al., 1990, J Immunol |
Link |
|
T cells |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
BALB/cAnN |
Nude mice (nu/nu): no thymus thus no mature T cells |
no |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Increased without clearance |
Thymus grafting from birth protected nude mice from a lethal infection; ↑ IgG1, IgG2 and similar IgM levels before and after infection |
Weinbaum et al., 1976, J Immunol |
Link |
|
T cells/CD8 |
Plasmodium berghei K173 |
C57BL/6J |
Thymectomy + anti-CD8 |
yes |
yes |
CM (90%) |
CM (14%) |
Similar |
N.I. |
Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasitology |
Link |
|
T cells/CD8 |
Plasmodium berghei K173 |
C57BL/10 |
Thymectomy + anti-CD8 |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
No CM |
Similar |
N.I. |
Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasitology |
Link |
|
T cells/CD8 |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
NIH |
Thymectomy + anti-CD8 |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
N.I. |
Taylor-Robinson et al., 1993, Science |
Link |
|
Taurine |
Plasmodium chabaudi (N.I.) |
129/SvJ x C57BL/6 |
Taut -/- |
10% |
yes |
Anemia |
Multiple organ dysfunction |
Increased peak |
All mice died between day 8 and 13 p.i. of MOD (brain, liver, lung and kidney pathology); ↓ circulating taurine levels; similar AST, ALT, bile acid and bilirubin; ↑ plasma ammonia levels; ↑ serum TNF-a and IL-1b; liver: necrotic areas and inflammation; hypertrophic Kuppfer cells with more Hz; no reduction in particle trapping capacity; ↑ IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-6, iNOS, NF-KB, VDR and similar CYP3A11, SULT2B1, UGT1A1, MRP4, Actb mRNA expression |
Delic et al., 2010, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
Testosterone |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
testosterone |
♀24% |
♀ yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Increased peak |
Similar reticulocytosis and anemia |
Wunderlich et al., 2005, Microbes Infect |
Link |
|
TGF-b |
Plasmodium berghei NK65 |
BALB/c |
anti-TGF-b |
yes |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Earlier onset |
Earlier death (~ 1 week); ↑ serum TNF-a and similar IFN-g, IL-4 and IL-10 |
Omer et al., 1998, J Exp Med |
Link |
|
TGF-b |
Plasmodium berghei NK65 |
BALB/c |
rTGF-b |
yes |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Delayed onset |
Dose-dependent delay of mortality (2-3 weeks); ↓ serum TNF-a and IL-4; ↑serum IFN-g and IL-10 |
Omer et al., 1998, J Exp Med |
Link |
|
TGF-b |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi A/J |
BALB/c |
anti-TGF-b |
no |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
No decline |
N.I. |
Omer et al., 1998, J Exp Med |
Link |
|
TGF-b |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
BALB/c Cr Slc |
anti-TGF-b |
yes |
20% |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Slightly lower peak and spontaneous decline |
↑ serum IFN-g (day 7) and NO (day 10) |
Tsutsui et al., 1999, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
TGF-b |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
C57BL/10 Sn Slc |
rTGF-b |
no |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
No decline and increased |
↓ serum IFN-g (day 7) and NO (day 10); abrogated increase of Ly6A/E on CD4+ T cells and abrogated increase of MHC-II on CD11b+ cells in spleen |
Tsutsui et al., 1999, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
TGF-b |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XL |
C57BL/6 |
anti-TGF-b |
yes |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
↑ plasma IL-10 and similar plasma IFN-g and TNF-a |
Omer et al., 2003, J Immunol |
Link |
|
TGF-b |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
BALB/c |
anti-TGF-b |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
No effect |
Omer et al., 1998, J Exp Med |
Link |
|
TGF-b/IL-10R |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XL |
C57BL/6 |
anti-TGF-b + anti-IL-10R |
yes |
60% (at the end of observation day 34) |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Complete parasite clearance |
↑ plasma TNF-a and slightly ↑ plasma IFN-g |
Omer et al., 2003, J Immunol |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium berghei (N.I.) |
BALB/c |
rTGF-b1 (oral) |
yes |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
Similar mortality |
Namangale et al., 2009, Jpn J Vet Res |
Link |
|
TIRAP |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TIRAP -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
N.I. |
Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
Tissue PA (tPA) |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 x 129/Sv |
tPA -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM |
CM |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Piguet et al., 2000, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
TLR1 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR1 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
N.I. |
Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
TLR2 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR2 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (90%) |
CM (45%) |
Similar |
Similar serum IL-12p40, IFN-g and TNF-a; ↓ hemozoin clusters in brain vessels |
Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR2 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR2 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
Similar thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia and anemia; ↑ lymphopenia |
Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
TLR2 |
Plasmodium chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
TLR2 -/- |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
Similar up-regulation of CD40, CD86 and MHC class II, similar production of TNF-a and IL-12p70, degradation of IkB-a and translocation of NF-kB to the nucleus after incubation of TLR2 -/- DCs with P. berghei or P. chabaudi schizonts; Similar increase of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on splenic DCs isolated from P. berghei-infected mice 6 days p.i. and P. chabaudi-infected mice 7 days p.i. |
Seixas et al., 2009, Eur J Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR2 |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
TLR2 -/- |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
Similar hypothermia and weight loss during peak parasitemia; resistant to a secondary infection; similar IgG1 and IgG2a levels; ↓ TNF-a and similar IFN-g and MCP-1 production by splenocytes 8 days p.i.; similar serum levels of TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 8 day |
Franklin et al., 2007, Microbes Infect |
Link |
|
TLR2/4 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR2/4 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
N.I. |
Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
TLR2/4 |
Plasmodium berghei NK65 |
129 x C57BL/6 |
TLR2/4 -/- |
yes |
yes |
Liver pathology |
Liver pathology |
Similar |
Similar serum IL-12 and liver injury |
Adachi et al., 2001, J Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR2/4 |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
N.I. |
TLR2/4 -/- |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
N.I. |
Cramer et al., 2008, Microbes Infect |
Link |
|
TLR2/4/9 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
129/Sv x C57BL/6 |
TLR2/4/9 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (90%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
Similar CD8+CD62Llow and ↓ CD4+CD62Llow T cells in brain; similar ICAM-1 and CD31 in brain; similar IL-12p40 and IL-18 in serum |
Lepenies et al., 2008, Med Microbial Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR2/4/9 |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
N.I. |
TLR2/4/9 -/- |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
Similar serum IL-12p40 and IL-18 6 days p.i.; ↑ number of CD62Llow+CD4+ and CD69+CD4+ T cells in the spleen 6 days p.i.; no difference in [3H]thymidine uptake upon stimulation of splenocytes with anti-CD3; similar production of IL-12p40, IFN-g and ↑ IL-10 after stimulation of splenocytes isolated 6 days p.i. with anti-CD3 |
Cramer et al., 2008, Microbes Infect |
Link |
|
TLR3 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR3 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
N.I. |
Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
TLR4 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR4 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (90%) |
CM (85%) |
Similar |
N.I. |
Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR4 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR4 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
N.I. |
Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
TLR4 |
Plasmodium chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
TLR4 -/- |
no |
25% |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
Decreased up-regulation of CD40, CD86 and MHC class II, decreased production of TNF-a and IL-12p70, no degradation of IkB-a and no translocation of NF-kB to the nucleus after incubation of TLR4 -/- DCs with P. berghei or P. chabaudi schizonts; Decreased expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on splenic DCs isolated from P. berghei-infected mice 6 days p.i. and P. chabaudi-infected mice 7 days p.i. |
Seixas et al., 2009, Eur J Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR4 |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
TLR4 -/- |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
Similar hypothermia and weight loss during peak parasitemia; similar TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 production by splenocytes 8 days p.i.; similar serum levels of TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 8 days p.i. |
Franklin et al., 2007, Microbes Infect |
Link |
|
TLR5 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR5 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (85%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
N.I. |
Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR6 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR6 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
N.I. |
Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
TLR6 |
Plasmodium berghei NK65 |
129/Sv x C57BL/6 |
TLR6 -/- |
yes |
yes |
Liver pathology |
Liver pathology |
Similar |
Similar serum IL-12 and liver injury |
Adachi et al., 2001, J Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR6 |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
TLR6 -/- |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
Similar hypothermia and weight loss during peak parasitemia; similar TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 production by splenocytes 8 days p.i.; similar serum levels of TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 8 days p.i. |
Franklin et al., 2007, Microbes Infect |
Link |
|
TLR7 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR7 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
N.I. |
Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR7 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR7.tg (SLE-susceptible) |
yes |
yes |
CM (90%) |
CM (10%) |
Similar |
Prolonged survival (days); ↑ splenomegaly; ↓ number of brain microhemorrhages; no kidney inflammation |
Waisberg et al., 2010, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Link |
|
TLR9 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR9 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (85%) |
CM (54%) |
Similar |
Similar serum IL-12p40 and IFN-g; ↓ serum TNF-a; ↓ hemozoin clusters in brain vessels |
Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR9 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TLR9 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM |
CM |
Similar |
Similar neurologic symptoms; similar ICAM-1 in brain; similar inflammation in lung; similar hemozoin deposition in liver |
Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
TLR9 |
Plasmodium chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
TLR9 -/- |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
Decreased up-regulation of CD40, CD86 and MHC class II, decreased production of TNF-a and IL-12p70, no degradation of IkB-a and no translocation of NF-kB to the nucleus after incubation of TLR9 -/- DCs with P. berghei or P. chabaudi schizonts; Decreased expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on splenic DCs isolated from P. berghei-infected mice 6 days p.i. and P. chabaudi-infected mice 7 days p.i. |
Seixas et al., 2009, Eur J Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR9 |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
TLR9 -/- |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
Similar hypothermia and weight loss during peak parasitemia; similar TNF-a and MCP-1 and ↓ IFN-g production by splenocytes 8 days p.i.; similar serum levels of TNF-a, IFN-g and MCP-1 8 days p.i. |
Franklin et al., 2007, Microbes Infect |
Link |
|
TLR9 |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XL |
C57BL/6 |
TLR9 -/- |
94% |
50% |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Variable |
Similar CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ (Treg) cells in spleen; no activation of Treg cells; ↑ CD62LlowCD69high and IFN-g+ CD4+ cells in spleen; CD4+ cells proliferated in response to pRBC |
Hisaeda et al., 2008, J Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR9 |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
N.I. |
TLR9 -/- |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
N.I. |
Cramer et al., 2008, Microbes Infect |
Link |
|
TLR9 |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
C57BL/6 |
TLR9 -/- |
no |
no |
Anemia |
Anemia |
Similar |
N.I. |
Hisaeda et al., 2008, J Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR9/CD4 |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XL |
TLR9 -/- (C57BL/6) |
anti-CD4 |
50% |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
N.I. |
Hisaeda et al., 2008, J Immunol |
Link |
|
TLR9/IFN-g |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XL |
TLR9 -/- (C57BL/6) |
anti-IFN-g |
50% |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
N.I. |
Hisaeda et al., 2008, J Immunol |
Link |
|
TNF |
Plasmodium chabaudi adami 408XZ |
C57BL/6J |
TNF -/- |
29% |
70% |
Anemia |
Anemia |
Increased peak and increased recrudescences |
↓ Hb levels on d4, d12 and d16 p.i.; similar blood glucose and lactate levels except on d7 p.i.; ↓ body temperature on d7, d12, d16 and d25 p.i.; similar body weights except on d4 p.i. |
Hernandez-Valladares et al., 2006, Exp Parasitol |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei (N.I.) |
C57BL/6 |
TNF-a -/- |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar number of CD11c+ DC in the spleen; ↓ expression of MHC II, CD80 and CD86 by splenic CD11c+ DC; CD11c+ DC were better at initiation of proliferation of OTII T cells; ↑ IL-12 secreting DC in the spleen |
Wykes et al., 2007, J Immunol |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
CBA/Ca |
rHu-TNF-a or rMu-TNF-a |
yes |
yes |
CM |
No CM |
N.I. |
No neurological symptoms; no petechial hemorrhages or edema in brain; no monocytes adherence in cerebral vessels; developed hypoglycaemia and midzonal liver necrosis |
Clark et al., 1992, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TNF-a -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
similar |
↓ serum NO3-; similar serum IFN-g, ↓ ICAM-1 and ↓ CR3+ leukocytes in the brain |
Engwerda et al., 2002, J Exp Med |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
CBA/Ca |
anti-TNF-a |
yes |
yes |
CM (79%) |
CM (6,6%) |
similar |
Prolonged survival (1-3 weeks); no neurological symptoms; no macrophage accumulation in brain; ↓ macrophage accumulation in spleen and lymph nodes; similar parasite-specific Ab response |
Grau et al., 1987, Science |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
CBA/Ca |
anti-TNF-a |
yes |
N.I. |
CM (80%) |
N.I. |
N.I. |
↓ serum IL-6 |
Grau et al., 1990, J Exp Med |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
N.I. |
TNF-a -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM |
CM |
N.I. |
Similar indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 mRNA expression in the brain |
Hansen et al., 2004, Int J Parasitol |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6J |
TNF-a -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM |
CM |
Similar |
Similar neurologic symptoms; similar levels of [31P]-containing metabolites (phosphomonoesters (PME), inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatinine (PCr), Pi:b-ATP, Pi:PCr) and ↑ levels (normal values) of b-ATP and PCr:PME in brain 6-7 days p.i.; ↓ GABA, and aspartate, ↑ glutamine and NAA, and similar alanine, lactate and glutamate metabolite pool sizes in brain (compared with uninfected TNF-a -/- mice); similar brain net flux of 13C from D-[1-13C]glucose into metabolic intermediates associated with Krebs cycle (↓ compared to uninfected TNF-a -/- mice), except for Asp C3 and Lac C3 which was not ↓ and Ala C3 which did not change upon infection |
Parekh et al., 2006, Int J Parasitol |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6J |
anti-TNF-a |
N.I. |
N.I. |
N.I. |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar number of microparticles in plasma |
Piguet et al., 2002, Apoptosis |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6J |
TNF-a -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
similar |
Similar neurologic symptoms: similar ischemic brain damage, brain swelling, edema and vascular blood flow perturbations; no anemia (cfr. WT); similar perforin+CD8+, CD54+CD8+ and CD69+CD8+ T cells in brain; similar lung pathology and edema; similar thickening of alveolar septae |
Togbe et al., 2008, PLoS One |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei K173 |
C57BL/6J |
rHu-TNF-a (↑ dose) |
yes |
yes |
CM |
TNF toxicity |
N.I. |
Died 24 h after injection; hypothermia, brain petechial hemorrhages; ↑ kidney, lung and liver pathology |
Curfs et al., 1993, Parasitology |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei K173 |
C57BL/6J |
rHu-TNF-a (↓ dose) |
yes |
yes |
CM |
No CM |
N.I. |
Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks); no neurological symptoms; no hypothermia; n=3 |
Curfs et al., 1993, Parasitology |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium berghei K173 |
C57BL/6J |
anti-TNF-a |
yes |
yes |
CM (96%) |
CM (96%) |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Hermsen et al., 1997, Parasite Immunol |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium chabaudi adami 556KA |
CBA/CaH |
rHu-TNF-a |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Delayed onset and decreased peak |
N.I. |
Clark et al., 1987, J Immunol |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
TNF-a -/- |
no |
no |
Anemia |
Anemia |
Similar |
Similar anemia, serum IFN-g and Ig titers; ↓ serum TNF-a |
Clark et al., 2007, Parasite Immunol |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
anti-TNF-a (Mab) |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
Similar iNOS mRNA expression in spleen 7 days p.i.; partial ↓ NO3- levels in serum 7 days p.i.; ↓ spleen weight 7 days p.i. |
Jacobs et al. 1996, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
anti-TNF-a (PAb) |
no |
50% |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Slightly delayed onset (1 day) |
N.I. |
Jacobs et al., 1996, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
DBA/2 |
anti-TNF-a |
70% |
20% |
Liver pathology |
No liverpathology |
Similar |
↓ liver apoptosis and necrosis; ↓ plasma AST and ALT; similar blood hemoglobin concentration |
Seixas et al., 2008, Parasitology |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
DBA/2 |
anti-TNF-a |
75% |
25% |
Liver pathology and severe anemia |
No liverpathology |
Similar |
↓ plasma AST, ↓ liver portal and central lobular vein necrosis, inhibition of hepatocyte programmed cell death; only the combination of free heme and TNF-a induced free radicals, lipid peroxidation products and apoptosis in hepatocytes in an in vitro assay which was reduced after treatment with anti-oxidantia (BHA, NAC) or by transduction of hepatocytes with an HO-1 expressing adenovirus |
Seixas et al., 2009, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
rHuTNF-a |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
High doses of rHu-TNF-a resulted in 100 % mortality even at low parasitemia levels |
Stevenson et al., 1989, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
A/J |
rHuTNF-a |
yes |
20% |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Spontaneous decline and clearance |
Resistant to secondary infection |
Stevenson et al., 1989, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium vinckei (N.I.) |
C57BL/6 |
TNF-a -/- |
yes |
N.I. |
N.I. |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar number of CD11c+ DC in the spleen;↓ expression of MHC II, CD80 and CD86 by splenic CD11c+ DC; similar initiation of proliferation of OTII T cells; ↑ IL-12 secreting DC in the spleen |
Wykes et al., 2007, J Immunol |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium vinckei vinckei |
CBA/Ca |
rHu-TNF-a or rMu-TNF-a |
yes |
yes |
HP&A |
HP&A |
N.I. |
No neurological symptoms; ↑ midzonal liver necrosis and hypoglycemia |
Clark et al., 1992, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XL |
C57BL/6 x 129 |
TNF-a -/- |
Lethality dependent on parasite dosis, no difference between WT and KO mice |
Lethality dependent on parasite dosis, no difference between WT and KO mice |
N.I. |
N.I. |
No clearance in 25 days |
N.I. |
Shear et al., 1998, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
C57BL/6 x 129 |
TNF-a -/- |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Increased peak and delayed clearance |
N.I. |
Shear et al., 1998, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
TNF-a/ IFN-g |
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS |
C57BL/6 |
anti-TNF-a + anti-IFN-g |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Increased peak |
↓ iNOS mRNA expression in spleen 7 days p.i.; ↓ NO3- levels in serum (synergy) 7 days p.i.; ↓ spleen weight 7 days p.i. |
Jacobs et al. 1996, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
TNF-a/ LT-a |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TNF-a -/- x LT-a -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
No CM |
Similar |
Prolonged survival (days); no neurological symptoms; ↓ serum NO3- and IFN-g; ↓ ICAM-1 and CR3+ leukocytes in the brain |
Engwerda et al., 2002, J Exp Med |
Link |
|
TNF-a/ LT-a |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
129/Sv/Ev x C57BL/6 |
TNF-a -/- x LT-a -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
No CM |
similar |
Prolonged survival (1-2 weeks); no neurological symptoms; similar anemia; slightly ↑ leukocytosis; no leukocyte accumulation in brain; ↓ ICAM-1 + CD11b in brain; ↓ serum NO; ↓ IFN-g and no IL-12 , IL-10 and IL-4 mRNA expression in the brain; similar IFN-g, IL-12, IL-10 and no IL-4 mRNA expression in the spleen |
Rudin et al., 1997, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
TNFR1 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
Tg + soluble TNFR1 |
yes |
yes |
CM (80%) |
CM (20-30% in high expressor mice); CM (100% in low expressor mice) |
similar |
Prolonged survival in high-expressor mice (~2 weeks); no neurological symptoms |
Garcia et al., 1995, Eur J Immunol |
Link |
|
TNFR1 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 x 129 |
TNFR1 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (90%) |
CM (78%) |
similar |
Similar neurologic symptoms; similar serum IFN-g, TNF-a and sTNFR2; similar ICAM-1 expression on endothelial cells and sequestering leukocytes in the brain; induction of ICAM-1 expression in MVEC through binding of membrane-bound mTNF-a (but not soluble mTNF or membrane-bound hTNF) with TNFR2 |
Lucas et al., 1997, Eur J Immun |
Link |
|
TNFR1 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 x 129 |
TNFR1 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (90%) |
CM (78%) |
similar |
Similar neurologic symptoms and lung pathology; similar serum IFN-g and TNF-a; similar ICAM-1 endothelial expression in brain and lung |
Lucas et al., 1997, J Neuroimmunol |
Link |
|
TNFR1 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6J |
TNFR1 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM |
CM |
similar |
Similar TNF-a, CD40 and ICAM-1 in brain; ↓ vascular leakage in brain and lung; similar BBB breakdown, macrophage accumulation in brain, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hypothermia, edema, thrombocytopenia and lung weight; enlarged basement membrane of brain capillaries in KO mice |
Piguet et al., 2002, Lab Invest |
Link |
|
TNFR1 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6J |
TNFR1 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
N.I. |
Similar neurologic symptoms |
Togbe et al., 2008, PLoS One |
Link |
|
TNFR2 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TNFR2 -/- |
N.I. |
N.I. |
N.I. |
N.I. |
N.I. |
ICAM-1 increased on d4 and similar on d6 in brain; increased on d4-6 in lungs |
Bauer et al., 2002, Microcirculation |
Link |
|
TNFR2 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 x 129 |
TNFR2 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (90%) |
CM (10%) |
similar |
Prolonged survival (weeks); no neurological symptoms; similar serum IFN-g, TNF-a and sTNFR1; no ↑ in ICAM-1 expression on brain endothelial cells; no sequestration of leukocytes in the brain; no induction of ICAM-1 expression in MVEC after stimulation with soluble or membrane-bound mTNF or membrane-bound hTNF |
Lucas et al., 1997, Eur J Immun |
Link |
|
TNFR2 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 x 129 |
TNFR2 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (90%) |
CM (10%) |
similar |
Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks); no neurological symptoms; similar serum IFN-g and TNF-a; similar lung pathology;↓ ICAM-1 endothelial expression in brain and similar ICAM-1 in lungs |
Lucas et al., 1997, J Neuroimmunol |
Link |
|
TNFR2 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TNFR2 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM |
No CM |
similar |
No hypothermia, hyperglycemia or coma; ↓ vascular permeability in brain and lung; similar thrombocytopenia and lung weight; similar leukocyte sequestration in brain; ↓ macrophage accumulation and similar pRBC sequestration in alveolar capillaries; similar TNF-a, CD40 and ICAM-1 mRNA expression in brain and spleen; similar TNF-a, CD40 and ↓ ICAM-1 in lung; insulin sensitive (mice died of hypoglycemia after insulin injection) |
Piguet et al., 2002, Lab Invest |
Link |
|
TNFR2 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TNFR2 -/-bone marrow cells |
yes |
yes |
CM (90%) |
CM (90%) |
Similar |
Similar neurologic symptoms |
Stoelcker et al., 2002, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
TNFR2 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
TNFR2 -/- |
WT bone marrow cells |
yes |
yes |
CM (25%) |
CM (50%) |
Similar |
Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks); no neurological symptoms |
Stoelcker et al., 2002, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
TNFR2 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TNFR2 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (90%) |
CM (25%) |
Similar |
Prolonged survival (2-3 weeks); no neurological symptoms; no platelet staining in brain |
Stoelcker et al., 2002, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
TNFR2 |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TNFR2 -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (10%) |
N.I. |
No neurologic symptoms |
Togbe et al., 2008, PLoS One |
Link |
|
TRIF |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
129/Ola x C57BL/6 |
TRIF -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (91%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
Similar red blood cell and leukocyte sequestration in brain microvasculature; similar endothelial cell detachment; similar granzyme B, CCL3 and lipocalin-2 mRNA in brain; Similar serum IL-12p40, IFN-g and TNF-a |
Coban et al., 2007, Int Immunol |
Link |
|
TRIF |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 |
TRIF -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (100%) |
CM (100%) |
Similar |
N.I. |
Togbe et al., 2007, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
TRIF |
Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL |
N.I. |
TRIF -/- |
no |
no |
N.I. |
N.I. |
Similar |
Similar serum IL-12p40 6 days p.i. |
Cramer et al., 2008, Microbes Infect |
Link |
|
uPA receptor (uPAR, CD87) |
Plasmodium berghei ANKA |
C57BL/6 x 129/Sv |
uPAR -/- |
yes |
yes |
CM (80%) |
CM (20%) |
Similar |
Prolonged survival (~1 week) ; ↓ thrombocytopenia; slightly ↓ platelet life span (similar to noninfected uPAR -/- mice); slightly ↑ fibrinogen half-life; ↑ splenomegaly; no ↑ in lung weight; similar TNF-a mRNA in spleen, lung and brain; similar leakage of Evans Blue in brain and lung; ↓ platelet trapping in alveolar and brain capillaries; similar PMN, macrophage and pRBC sequestration in alveolar capillaries; similar mononuclear leukocytes in brain microvasculature |
Piguet et al., 2000, Infect Immun |
Link |