Human data

Expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, adhesion molecules, angiogenic and coagulation factors, metabolic molecules, etc. in different organs e.g. serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and postmortem (PM) brains, are compared between several patient groups according to severity and complication [e.g. lethal (†) versus non-lethal cerebral malaria (CM), CM versus uncomplicated malaria (UM), severe malaria (SM)/non-cerebral severe malaria (NCSM) versus UM, UM versus healthy controls (HC)]. Information on the country, transmission level, parasite species, adult versus pediatric patients, patient number, additional clinical or correlation data, references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included for each molecule listed in the database.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: AM, asymptomatic malaria; N.I., not indicated; NM, non-malaria patients; NM-CNS, NM patients with involvement of the central nervous system; NM-NCNS, NM patients without CNS involvement; n.s., not significant; >, higher levels than; <, lower levels than; =, similar levels; ≤, lower or similar levels than; >*, when adjusted for interactions with other complications (multivariate analysis), the association looses it's significance

	Select	Field
	Full
	Molecular group
	Molecule/Cell
	Plasmodium strain
	Organ
	Population
	Transmission
	Adult/Pediatric
	CM† vs CM
	SM† vs SM
	CM vs NCSM
	CM vs NM-CNS
	CM vs NM-NCNS
	CM vs UM
	SM/NCSM vs UM
	UM vs NM
	UM vs HC
	Patient number
	Additional differences
	Refs
	PubMed

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Organ	CM† vs CM	SM† vs SM	CM vs NCSM	CM vs NM-CNS	CM vs NM-NCNS	CM vs UM	SM/NCSM vs UM	UM vs NM	UM vs HC	Patient number	Additional differences	Refs	PubMed
(L-)Arginine	N.I.	Plasma						=			<	126	N.I.	Lopansri et al., 2006, Infect Immun	Link
(L-)Arginine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) < HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
(L-)Arginine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		<	147	SM < HC	Yeo et al., 2007, J Exp Med	Link
(L-)Arginine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							n.s.			97	levels ↑ during treatment; + correlation with improvement of endothelial function (RH-PAT index) within 48h; baseline LDH was associated with a more rapid ↑ in plasma L-arginine concentrations; baseline plasma arginase activity was associated with a slower recovery of plasma L-arginine	Yeo et al., 2008, J Infect Dis	Link
(L-)Arginine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		<	146	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
(L-)Arginine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						<			<	75	Hypoargininaemia is associated with death from CM	Lopansri et al., 2003, Lancet	Link
2,3-bisphospho-glycerate (BPG)	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood										77	SM = HC (recoverd from UM)	Sasi et al., 2007, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
3-hydroxy-butyrate (3-OHB)	N.I.	Blood										186	SM = NM	Kawo et al., 1990, Lancet	Link
3-hydroxy-butyrate (3-OHB)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										71	SM > HC (recoverd from UM)	Sasi et al., 2007, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	>			>						121-175	CMseq = CMnseq	Dobbie et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
a1-antitrypsin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=					=		>	566	UM hospitalized = UM not-hospitalized; - correlation with Hb	O'Donnell et al., 2009, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
a1-antitrypsin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										32	SM = HC	Clemens et al., 1994, Br J Haematol	Link
a2-macroglobulin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			52	N.I.	Pukrittayakamee et al., 1989, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
a2-macroglobulin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										32	SM = HC	Clemens et al., 1994, Br J Haematol	Link
Acetylhydrolase (AH) activity (PAF → lyso-PAF)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										35	SM = HC, but below normal levels in 40% of SM patients	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
Acetylhydrolase (AH) activity (PAF → lyso-PAF)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									=	28	P. falciparum = P. vivax; + correlation with serum total and LDL cholesterol	Davis et al., 1993, J Infect	Link
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma				=	=	=		=	=	176	CM = HC	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
Activated protein C (aPC)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=			=	>	>		=	=	176	CM > HC	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
ADAMTS13 (activity)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										58	CM, NCSM < HC (both Ag level as activity); mixing of normal plasma and plasma from malaria patients inhibited activity; activity did not improve much 72h after start treatment	Larkin et al., 2009 PLoS Pathog	Link
ADAMTS13 (activity)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<		=	56	SM < HC; weak + correlation with hemoglobin concentration in the SM group; - correlation with disease severity	Löwenberg et al., 2010, Thromb Heamost	Link
ADAMTS13 (activity)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									<	53	P. falciparum (UM + 3SM) = P. vivax < HC for Ag conc and activity; malaria > thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; P. falciparum patients had ultra-large (UL)-vWF in plasma; no ↑ titers of ADAMTS13 autoantibodies	De Mast et al., 2009, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF					>					46	CSF:serum ADA ratio was significantly ↓ in CM patients compared to NM (NCNS + CNS) patients; probability of 100% of having CM if CSF:serum ADA levels are below cut-off value (0.385)	Jakka et al., 2006, Cerebrospinal Fluid Res	Link
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum				>	>					46	CM > NM (NM patients with viral encephalitis = NM patients without)	Jakka et al., 2006, Cerebrospinal Fluid Res	Link
Adiponectin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						>			=	25	+ correlation with glucose production, cortisol and gluconeogenesis	Blümer et al., 2005, Metabolism	Link
Alanine	N.I.	Blood										186	SM > NM	Kawo et al., 1990, Lancet	Link
Alanine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Alanine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										13	CM = HC	Van Thien et al., 2001, QJM	Link
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)	N.I.	N.I.										186	SM = NM	Kawo et al., 1990, Lancet	Link
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							=			56	N.I.	Löwenberg et al., 2010, Thromb Heamost	Link
Albumin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=					<		=	565	UM hospitalized = UM not-hospitalized; + correlation with Hb, blantyre coma score and glucose	O'Donnell et al., 2009, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
Albumin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										35	SM < HC	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
Albumin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									<	16	N.I.	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
Albumin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		<								268	N.I.	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link
Albumin	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										35	SM < HC	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							=			56	N.I.	Löwenberg et al., 2010, Thromb Heamost	Link
ANG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood			>			<	<			193	Good discrimination between CM and SM and between CM/SM and UM (ROC curve analysis); ANG1 was a better discriminator between UM and SM compared to ANG2 or the ANG2:ANG1 ratio; - correlation with ANG2 and parasitemia; + correlation with renal dysfunction and coma	Conroy et al., 2009, Malar J	Link
ANG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Platelet-poor plasma										52	Malaria (SM + UM) > HC; levels increased upon start of antimalarial treatment; + correlation with plasma VEGF, sP-selectin, and CXCL7 (NAP-2)	Brouwers et al., 2012, PLoS One	Link
ANG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						<			<	60	Good discrimination between CM and UM patients (ROC curve analysis)	Lovegrove et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
ANG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	<					<			<	164	Good discrimination between CM and UM patients (ROC curve analysis); ↓ANG1 predicted mortality	Lovegrove et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
ANG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood			=			>	>			193	Good discrimination between CM/SM and UM (ROC curve analysis); ANG2 was a better discriminator between UM and CM compared to ANG1 or the ANG2:ANG1 ratio; - correlation with ANG1; + correlation with parasitemia, and cumulative organ injury	Conroy et al., 2009, Malar J	Link
ANG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>					>		>	146	ANG2 ↑ with ↑ disease severity and is associated with ↑ risk of death; + correlation with lactate, creatinine, sICAM-1, HRP2, sE-selectin and TNF-a (SM)	Yeo et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
ANG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	146	+ correlation with ADMA	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
ANG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Platelet-poor plasma										52	Malaria (SM + UM) > HC; levels decreased upon start of antimalarial treatment	Brouwers et al., 2012, PLoS One	Link
ANG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						>			>	60	Moderate discrimination between CM and UM patients (ROC curve analysis)	Lovegrove et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
ANG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						>			>	164	Moderate discrimination between CM and UM patients (ROC curve analysis)	Lovegrove et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
ANG2:ANG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood			=			>	>			193	Good discrimination between CM/SM and UM (ROC curve analysis); ANG2:ANG1 was a better discriminator between UM and CM/SM compared to ANG1 or ANG2; + correlation with cumulative organ injury	Conroy et al., 2009, Malar J	Link
ANG2:ANG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						>			>	60	Good discrimination between CM and UM patients (ROC curve analysis)	Lovegrove et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
ANG2:ANG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	>					>			>	164	Good discrimination between CM and UM patients (ROC curve analysis)	Lovegrove et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
Angiostatin	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)					=					13	Undetectable	Deininger et al., 2003, J Neuroimmunol	Link
Anti-a-galactosyl IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						<			>	110	CM = non-endemic HC < endemic HC = UM	Ravindran et al., 1988, Immunol Lett	Link
Anti-dsDNA Ab	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma										125	Proportion of anti-dsDNA Ab+ patients: SM (P. falciparum) > UM (P. falciparum) = HC; P. vivax > HC	Jhaveri et al., 1997, Natl Med J India	Link
Anti-dsDNA IgG	N.I.	Serum										99	Malaria > HC; IgG1 > IgG2, IgG3, IgG4	Zouali et al., 1986, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Anti-nuclear Ab (ANA)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	39	N.I.	Baker et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
Anti-nuclear Ab (ANA)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale	Serum										301	Incidence in Ghanians: UM = HC = nephritic syndrome and tropical splenomegaly syndrome > HC; incidence in Caucasians: UM > HC	Adu et al., 1982, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Anti-ribonucleo-protein (RNP) IgG	N.I.	Serum										99	Malaria > HC; IgG1, IgG2 > IgG3, IgG4	Zouali et al., 1986, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Anti-rosetting activity	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						<			>	81	N.I.	Carlson et al., 1990, Lancet	Link
Anti-ssDNA Ab	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma										125	Proportion of anti-ssDNA Ab+ patients: SM (P. falciparum) = UM (P. falciparum) = P. vivax > HC	Jhaveri et al., 1997, Natl Med J India	Link
Anti-ssDNA Ab	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale	Serum										301	HC Ghana > HC Caucasians; Ghana: UM = HC = tropical splenomegaly syndrome; nephritic syndrome > HC; Caucasians: UM > HC	Adu et al., 1982, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Anti-ssDNA IgG	N.I.	Serum										99	Malaria > HC; similar distribution between IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4	Zouali et al., 1986, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Antithrombin-III (AT-III)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			52	+ correlation with AT-III activity and platelet count; - correlation with parasitemia	Pukrittayakamee et al., 1989, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
Antithrombin-III (AT-III)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										32	SM < HC on the second day after admission	Clemens et al., 1994, Br J Haematol	Link
Antithrombin-III (AT-III)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			38	Levels ↑ during treatment	Vogetseder et al., 2004, Trop Med Int Health	Link
Apo A	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									<	74	N.I.	Djoumessi et al., 1989, Pathol Biol (Paris)	Link
Apo B	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	74	N.I.	Djoumessi et al., 1989, Pathol Biol (Paris)	Link
Arginase	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										147	Arginase activity ↑ with disease severity	Yeo et al., 2007, J Exp Med	Link
Arginase	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										97	Plasma arginase activity: SM > UM (moderately SM); baseline plasma arginase activity was associated with a slower recovery of plasma L-arginine	Yeo et al., 2008, J Infect Dis	Link
Arginase	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	146	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
Ascorbate	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										48	Malaria (UM + CM) < HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Ascorbic acid	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										194	Pediatric patients: UM < HC; Adult patients: UM > HC; pediatric HC > adult HC	Hassan et al., 2004, Braz J Infect Dis	Link
Asparagine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										35	SM > HC	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							>			56	N.I.	Löwenberg et al., 2010, Thromb Heamost	Link
Assymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>					>		<	146	SM > HC; levels did not ↓ with anti-malarial treatment; - correlation with NOExhaled and RH-PAT; + correlation with Ang2, ICAM-1, creatinine, total bilirubin, HRP2 and lactate; good predictor of a fatal outcome (ROC-analysis)	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
b-amyloid precursor protein (b-APP) (axons)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC			>		>					68	b-APP staining was higher in pons and internal capsule of CM patients compared to NCSM patients; + correlation with CSF protein, plasma lactate and time to death; - correlation with Glasgow coma score	Medana et al., 2002, Am J Pathol	Link
b2-glycoprotein 1 (Apo H)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	<									167	CM† < UM; CM < NM; levels were only higher in severe NM patients, not in mild NM patients; + correlation with coma score	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Infect Immun	Link
Bicarbonate	N.I.	Plasma	<									50	N.I.	Oguche et al., 2002, West Afr J Med	Link
Bicarbonate	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							<			56	N.I.	Löwenberg et al., 2010, Thromb Heamost	Link
Bicyclo-PGE2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										48	Malaria (NCSM + UM) < HC (patients in the convalescent phase of malaria)	Awandare et al., 2006, Clin Immunol	Link
Bicyclo-PGE2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<		<	129	- correlation between PBMC COX-2 protein / mRNA expression and disease severity; - correlation with plasma IL-10	Perkins et al., 2001, J Infect Dis	Link
Bicyclo-PGE2/ creatinine	Plasmodium falciparum	Urine										90	CM < AM > HC; CM = HC; CM† + CMseq < NCSM; + correlation with plasma IL-10	Perkins et al., 2005, J Infect Dis	Link
Big endothelin-1 (bET1)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=							54	SM > NM, HC; plasma concentrations remained elevated during first 7 days post treatment (sustained endothelial cell damage ??); + correlation with plasma TNF-a; - correlation with platelet count; no difference between patients with and without renal failure	Wenisch et al., 1996, J Infect Dis	Link
Bilirubin	N.I.	Serum										186	SM > NM	Kawo et al., 1990, Lancet	Link
Bilirubin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			127	+ correlation with ADMA and SDMA	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
Bilirubin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									=	16	N.I.	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
Bilirubin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								268	+ correlation with strong ion gap (representing unmeasured anions)	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link
Bilirubin	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							>			56	N.I.	Löwenberg et al., 2010, Thromb Heamost	Link
Bilirubin	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										35	SM > HC	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
Bilirubin	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Serum										28	P. falciparum > P. vivax = HC	Davis et al., 1993, J Infect	Link
Bilirubin (Bb)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										47	SM > HC; ↑ in patients with renal impairment; - correlation with platelet counts; + correlation with SC5b-9, TNF-a and IL-6	Wenisch et al., 1997, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
Biopterin	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	=									128	+ correlation with neopterin and coma	Weiss et al., 1998, J Infect Dis	Link
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood							>			56	N.I.	Löwenberg et al., 2010, Thromb Heamost	Link
C-peptide	N.I.	Serum										186	SM > NM	Kawo et al., 1990, Lancet	Link
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		=	114	SM < HC; after 24h plasma levels of UM patients were lower than plasma levels from HC patients	Dietmann et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
C1q	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							=		=	283	N.I.	Phanuphak et al., 1985, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
C1q	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum/Plasma						=		<		89	N.I.	Greenwood et al., 1974, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
C3	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										47	SM < HC; - correlation with SC5b-9; + correlation with C4d and iC3b	Wenisch et al., 1997, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
C3	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							=		<	283	Levels returned to normal 4 weeks after infection	Phanuphak et al., 1985, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
C3	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum/Plasma						=		<		89	- correlation with serum FDP levels	Greenwood et al., 1974, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
C3	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma							=		=	125	P. falciparum = P. vivax = HC	Jhaveri et al., 1997, Natl Med J India	Link
C4	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										47	SM = HC; + correlation with C4d	Wenisch et al., 1997, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Pages

(L-)Arginine
2,3-bisphospho-glycerate (BPG)
3-hydroxy-butyrate (3-OHB)
5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA)
a1-antitrypsin
a2-macroglobulin
Acetylhydrolase (AH) activity (PAF → lyso-PAF)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Activated protein C (aPC)
ADAMTS13 (activity)
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
Adiponectin
Alanine
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
ANG1
ANG2
ANG2:ANG1
Angiostatin
Anti-a-galactosyl IgG
Anti-dsDNA Ab
Anti-dsDNA IgG
Anti-nuclear Ab (ANA)
Anti-ribonucleo-protein (RNP) IgG
Anti-rosetting activity
Anti-ssDNA Ab
Anti-ssDNA IgG
Antithrombin-III (AT-III)
Apo A
Apo B
Arginase
Ascorbate
Ascorbic acid
Asparagine
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Assymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)
b-amyloid precursor protein (b-APP) (axons)
b2-glycoprotein 1 (Apo H)
Bicarbonate
Bicyclo-PGE2
Bicyclo-PGE2/ creatinine
Big endothelin-1 (bET1)
Bilirubin
Bilirubin (Bb)
Biopterin
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C-peptide
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)
C1q
C3
C4
C4d
C4d:C4
Calcium
Carboxyhemoglobin
CCL11 (Eotaxin)
CCL2 (MCP-1)
CCL3 (MIP-1a)
CCL4 (MIP-1b)
CCL5 (RANTES)
CCR1
CCR3
CCR5
CD23 (FceRII)
CD36
CD68
Cellular DNA strand break (apoptosis)
Chloride
Ciliary neutrophic factor (CNTF)
Circulating immune complexes (CIC)
Class I HLA
Cortisol
COX-1
COX-2
creatinin kinase muscle brain (CK-MB)
creatinine
CRP
CTGF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL10 (IP-10):PDGFbb
CXCL10 (IP-10):VEGF
CXCL11 (I-TAC)
CXCL12(a) (SDF-1)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL7 (NAP-2)
CXCL8 (IL-8)
CXCL8 (IL-8) mRNA
CXCL9 (MIG)
Cystatin C
Dihydrobiopterin (BH2)
E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E)
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
Endothelin-1 (Et-1)
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
Eosinophil protein X (EPX)
Epinephrine
EPO
Factor B
Factor II+VII+X
Factor IX
Factor V
Factor VIII
Factor XII
Factor XIII
Ferritin
FFA
FGF basic protein
Fibrin
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen leakage
Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)
G-CSF
Glucagon
Glucose
Glutamic acid
Glycerol
Glycine
Glycine-rich b-glycoprotein (GBG)
GM-CSF
Haptoglobin
HDL-cholesterol
HDL:total cholesterol
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP)
Hepcidin
His:ΣNAA (%)
Histamine
Histidine
HMGB1
HMW-kininogen
HO-1
Human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL)
iC3
iC3:C3
ICAM-1 (CD54)
IFN-g
IFN-g mRNA
IgA-immune complexes (IC)
IgE against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgE-immune complexes (IC)
IgG against a-galactosyl
IgG against b-tubulin 3 (TBB3) (brain)
IgG against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG against C2 fragment of RAP1
IgG against cardiolipin (CL)
IgG against conserved C-terminal ATS domain of PfEMP-1
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP119
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP142
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP2 (K1 17/14)
IgG against conserved N-terminal block 1 region of MSP1
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2 (FC27-type protein T9/105 12/6)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2A (IC1/3D7-type protein T9/96 13/14)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2B (GF/88)
IgG against full-length FC27-type protein or against polymorphic regions of MSP2
IgG against g-aminobutyric acid synthesizing enzyme (GAD)
IgG against highly conserved N-terminal DBL-1a domains of PfEMP-1
IgG against MSP3
IgG against MSPall (MSP119+ MSP2A + MSP2B)
IgG against muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
IgG against N-terminus of SERA5 (SE36)
IgG against non-erythroid spectrin (a and b) (brain)
IgG against non-infected RBC protein extract
IgG against P-/Q- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC)
IgG against PfEMP-13D7
IgG against phosphatidylcholine (PC)
IgG against phosphatidylinositol (PI)
IgG against Plasmodial GPI
IgG against rifin (rif-29)
IgG against rifin (rif-29, -40, -44, -50)
IgG against the ectodomein of AMA1
IgG against total brain protein extract
IgG against voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC)
IgG against VSA
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1 (RO33 type)
IgG anti-IgE
IgG-immune complexes (IC)
IgG1 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG1 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG1,IgG3 against GLURP (R0 and R2)
IgG1-immune complexes (IC)
IgG2 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG2 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG2-immune complexes (IC)
IgG3 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG3 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG3-immune complexes (IC)
IgG4 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG4 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG4-immune complexes (IC)
IgG:IgE
IgM against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgM against PC
IgM against PI
IgM against Plasmodial GPI
IgM against total brain protein extract
IL-1
IL-10
IL-10 mRNA
IL-10:IL-12
IL-10:TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12a mRNA
IL-12p40
IL-12p40/p70
IL-12p70
IL-13
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18 mRNA
IL-1a
IL-1b
IL-1ra
IL-1ra:IL-1b
IL-2
IL-2 mRNA
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-6:IL-10
IL-6Rb (gp130)
IL-7
IL-9
Inorganic phosphate
Insulin
Isoleucine
Kallikrein inhibitor
Kininase I
Kynurenic acid (KA)
L-arg:ADMA
L-arg:ornithine
L-Phenylalanine
Lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate:pyruvate
LDL-cholesterol
Leucine
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
LT
Lysine
Lyso-platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF)
Lysozyme
m-(mu)Calpain (I)
m-Calpain (II)
Macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)
Magnesium
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
Methemoglobin
Methionine
Microparticles (endothelial cell-derived)
Microparticles (erythrocyte-derived)
Microparticles (platelet-derived)
Microparticles (total)
MIF
MMP-1
MMP-8
MMP-9
Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14, S100A9)
Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8, S100A8)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Myoglobin
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)
Neopterin
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)
Norepinephrine
NOS
NOS2
O2-carrying capacity
Occludin
Ornithine
Parasite-spec IgA
Parasite-spec IgE
Parasite-spec IgG
Parasite-spec IgG1
Parasite-spec IgG2
Parasite-spec IgG3
Parasite-spec IgG4
Parasite-spec IgM
PC inhibitor-1 (PCI-1)
PDGFbb
PECAM-1 (CD31)
Phe:ΣNAA (%)
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
Picolinic acid (PA)
Plasminogen
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Platelet activating factor (PAF)
Potassium
Prekallikrein
Protein C (PC)
Protein S
Prothrombin fragment F1+2 : activated protein C (aPC)
Prothrombin time (PT)
QA:KA
QA:PA
Quinolinic acid (QA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)
RNI: TNF-a
S100B (astrocytes)
SC5b-9 (MAC)
sCD14
sCD21
sCD21:sCD23
sCD23
sCD4
sCD8
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)
sEndothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
sEng (sCD105, sTGF-bRIII)
Serine
sFas
sFas:PDGFbb
sFas:VEGF
sFasL
sGranzyme A
sGranzyme B
Sialoadhesin (SA)
sICAM-1 (sCD54)
SIG (strong ion gap → un-measured anions)
sIL-2R (CD25)
sIL-4R
sIL-6R
sL-selectin (sCD62L)
sLaminin
Sodium
sP-selectin (sCD62P)
sThrombomodulin (sTM)
sTissue factor (sTF)
sTNF-R1
sTNF-R2
sTNF-R2: PDGFbb
sTNF-R2:VEGF
sTransferrin receptor (sTfR)
suPAR
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)
sVEGFR1
sVEGFR2
Symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA)
Tau (axons)
Taurine
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
TGF-b mRNA
TGF-b1
TGF-b1:IL-12
TGF-b1:TNF-a
TGF-b2
TGF-b3
Threonine
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)
Thrombomodulin (TM)
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)
TIMP-1
TIMP-2
Tissue factor (TF)
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
TLR2
TLR4
TLR9
TNF
TNF mRNA
TNF-a
TNF-a:IL-10
TNF-a:sTNF-R1
TNF-a:sTNF-R1/2
TNF-a:sTNF-R2
TNF:IL-10
Total cholesterol
Total IgA
Total IgE
Total IgE:sCD23
Total IgG
Total IgM
Total kininogen
Transferrin
Triglycerides
Trp:ΣNAA (%)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Tyr:Phe (%)
Tyr:ΣNAA (%)
Tyrosine
uPAR
Urea
Uric acid
Valine
VCAM-1 (CD106)
VEGF
VEGFR1
Vinculin
vWF
vWF activation factors
vWF propeptide
vWF(:Ag)
vWF(CB:Ag)
ZO-1

Asian, African and Caucasian travelers
Bangladesh
Brazil
Britain, Ghana
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (Mossi etnic group)
Burundi
Burundi, Congo, France
Cameroon
Canada
China
Congo
Denmark
Ethiopia
European travelers
European travelers, Africa
France
Gabon
Ghana
Ghana and travelers of mixed origin
Guinea-Bissau
India
India
Indonesia
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Kenya vs European and Kenyan Con
Kenya vs European Con
Kenya vs USA Con
Madagascar
Madagascar, France
Malawi
Malawi vs European Con
Mali
Mixed group
Mixed origin with mixed malaria species
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nigeria
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Senegal
Solomon Island
South Africa
Sri Lanka
St. Tomé
Sudan
Sudan, Ethiopia
Tanzania
Thailand
Thailand, Tanzania
The Gambia
The Gambia vs European Con
The Gambia vs Giambian and European Con
Uganda
Uganda vs American Con
Vietnam
Vietnam vs European Con
Vietnam vs Vietnamese and European Con
Vietnam, Myanmar
Yemen
Zambia