|
sLaminin |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
71 |
Levels returned to normal 3 days posttreatment; + correlation with parasitemia, sTNFR1, sICAM-1 and sELAM-1 |
Wenisch et al., 1994, J Clin Pathol |
Link |
|
sLaminin |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
SM > HC; serum levels decreased slowly during treatment; SM > UM (compared with data from Wenish et al. 1994 J Clin Pathol. 47:787-789) |
Burgmann et al., 1996, J Clin Immunol |
Link |
|
Sodium |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
306 |
CM + RD, CM, RD > hyperparasitemia/prostration |
English et al., 1997, QJM |
Link |
|
Sodium |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
< |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
268 |
N.I. |
Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med |
Link |
|
sP-selectin (sCD62P) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
= |
|
|
= |
= |
= |
= |
253 |
N.I. |
Hollestelle et al., 2006, Br J Haematol |
Link |
|
sP-selectin (sCD62P) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Platelet-poor plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52 |
Malaria (SM + UM) > HC; levels increased upon start of antimalarial treatment; + correlation with ANG1 and VEGF |
Brouwers et al., 2012, PLoS One |
Link |
|
sThrombomodulin (sTM) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
33 |
CM > NM |
Moxon et al., 2013, Blood |
Link |
|
sThrombomodulin (sTM) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
CM > HC |
Moxon et al., 2013, Blood |
Link |
|
sThrombomodulin (sTM) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
555 |
Before episode < during episode > after episode; + correlation with uric acid in UM |
Mita-Mendoza et al., 2013, PLoS One |
Link |
|
sTissue factor (sTF) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
< |
|
|
555 |
Before episode > during episode = after episode |
Mita-Mendoza et al., 2013, PLoS One |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF (PM) |
|
|
> |
|
> |
|
|
|
|
19 |
N.I. |
Armah et al., 2007, Malar J |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
= |
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
|
133 |
N.I. |
Jain et al., 2008, Malar J |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 |
+ correlation with age and parasitemia; 3 days after treatment: levels ↓ in recovery group with SM† > SM |
Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
48 |
CM, RF > NCSM > HC; plasma levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with TNF-a and IL-6 |
Wenisch et al., 1999, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
> |
|
|
|
|
> |
> |
|
> |
160 |
+ correlation with parasitemia, glucose, bilirubin, lactate, urea and creatinine; - correlation with hemoglobin |
Deloron et al., 1994, Eur Cytokine Netw |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
16 |
N.I. |
Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
= |
|
|
|
|
= |
|
> |
|
152 |
UM > AM |
Jakobsen et al., 1994, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
54 |
Serum TNFR1 ↓ during treatment; - correlation with TGF-b; + correlation with TNF-a |
Wenisch et al., 1995, J Clin Immun |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
54 |
Levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with parasitemia, sICAM-1 and sELAM-1 |
Wenisch et al., 1994, Clin Immunol Immunopathol |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
= |
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
> |
79 |
CMseq = CMnseq; + correlation with sTNF-R2 and TNF-a |
Molyneux et al., 1993, Cytokine |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum (PM) |
|
|
= |
|
= |
|
|
|
|
19 |
N.I. |
Armah et al., 2007, Malar J |
Link |
|
sTNF-R1 |
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
49 |
NM, malaria > HC; levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with sTNF-RII; - correlation with factor II+VII+X |
Bygbjerg et al., 1997, APMIS |
Link |
|
sTNF-R2 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF |
= |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
+ correlation with neopterin, fever and coma duration before admission |
Weiss et al., 1998, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
sTNF-R2 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF (PM) |
|
|
> |
|
> |
|
|
|
|
19 |
N.I. |
Armah et al., 2007, Malar J |
Link |
|
sTNF-R2 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
> |
|
|
|
|
= |
= |
|
> |
160 |
+ correlation with parasitemia, glucose, bilirubin, lactate, urea and creatinine; - correlation with hemoglobin |
Deloron et al., 1994, Eur Cytokine Netw |
Link |
|
sTNF-R2 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
> |
|
|
|
|
= |
|
|
> |
133 |
N.I. |
Jain et al., 2008, Malar J |
Link |
|
sTNF-R2 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 |
+ correlation with parasitemia; 3 days after treatment: levels ↓ in both groups |
Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun |
Link |
|
sTNF-R2 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
16 |
N.I. |
Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol |
Link |
|
sTNF-R2 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
= |
|
|
|
|
= |
|
|
> |
79 |
CMseq = CMnseq; + correlation with sTNF-R1 and TNF-a |
Molyneux et al., 1993, Cytokine |
Link |
|
sTNF-R2 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum (PM) |
|
|
= |
|
= |
|
|
|
|
19 |
N.I. |
Armah et al., 2007, Malar J |
Link |
|
sTNF-R2 |
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
48 |
NM, malaria > HC; levels ↓ slowly during treatment; + correlation with sTNF-RI |
Bygbjerg et al., 1997, APMIS |
Link |
|
sTNF-R2: PDGFbb |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
133 |
CM† > UM; CM† > HC |
Jain et al., 2008, Malar J |
Link |
|
sTNF-R2:VEGF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
133 |
CM† > UM; CM† > HC |
Jain et al., 2008, Malar J |
Link |
|
sTransferrin receptor (sTfR) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
= |
= |
= |
< |
179 |
|
Burté et al., 2013, Blood |
Link |
|
suPAR |
N.I. |
Plasma |
|
> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
645 |
SM > NM > HC; plasma levels were ↑ for patients with respiratory distress (SM + NM), hypoglycemia (SM + NM), coma (SM); plasma levels were ↓ in SM patients with a sickling phenotytpe and there was no difference between SM patients with or without severe anemia; + correlation with temperature on admission, parasitemia, liver size, neutrophil count, platelet distribution width (PDW) and WBC count; - correlation with duration of symptoms before admission, platelet count, red cell distribution width and blood glucose; an ↑ of 1ng/mL suPAR, ↓ blood glucose, respiratory distress, coma and ↑ WBC count predicted ↑ risk of mortality; plasma suPAR ↑ with disease severity, shorter duration of symptoms before admission, ↑ parasitemia, thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia, anemia and hypoglycemia |
Ostrowski et al., 2005, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
suPAR |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
87 |
Malaria(↑parasitemia) > Malaria (↓parasitemia) = NM; levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with parasitemia |
Perch et al., 2004, Parasite Immunol |
Link |
|
sVCAM-1 (sCD106) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
= |
|
= |
|
|
|
> |
|
> |
212 |
+ correlation with TNF-a |
Tchinda et al., 2007, Acta Trop |
Link |
|
sVCAM-1 (sCD106) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
61 |
SM > NM; + correlation with parasitemia, sE-selectin and borderline correlation with sICAM-1 |
Jakobsen et al., 1994, Immunology |
Link |
|
sVCAM-1 (sCD106) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
41 |
N.I. |
Elhassan et al., 1994, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
sVCAM-1 (sCD106) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
= |
|
|
38 |
N.I. |
Vogetseder et al., 2004, Trop Med Int Health |
Link |
|
sVCAM-1 (sCD106) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
> |
86 |
SM > HC; SM > sepsis; sepsis < UM; + correlation with VCAM-1 staining (IHC) on dermal microvasculature |
Turner et al., 1998, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
sVCAM-1 (sCD106) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
555 |
before episode < during episode > after episode |
Mita-Mendoza et al., 2013, PLoS One |
Link |
|
sVCAM-1 (sCD106) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
71 |
↓ upon treatment but remained > normal levels |
Wenisch et al., 1994, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
sVCAM-1 (sCD106) |
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax |
Serum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
= |
> |
42 |
UM P.falciparum = UM P.vivax; + correlation with sE-selectin and borderline correlation with sICAM-1 |
Jakobsen et al., 1994, Immunology |
Link |
|
sVEGFR1 |
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
= |
= |
114 |
P. falciparum = P. vivax |
Furuta et al., 2010, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
sVEGFR2 |
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
> |
114 |
P. falciparum = P. vivax > NM = HC; no difference between races; levels returned to normal after treatment |
Furuta et al., 2010, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
Symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
> |
146 |
N.I. |
Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog |
Link |
|
Tau (axons) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF |
|
|
> |
|
|
|
|
|
|
138 |
Malaria = NM; in the malaria group tau levels significantly ↑ with ↓ consciousness; - correlation with levels of consciousness; + correlation with severe anemia, respiratory rate, deep breathing and parasitemia; ↓in hypoglycemic patients |
Medana et al., 2007, J Neurol Sci |
Link |
|
Tau (axons) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF |
|
|
= |
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
SM > NM-NCNS; + correlation with duration of coma (independent of renal failure), plasma creatinin levels, urea nitrogen levels and sGOT/AST |
Medana et al., 2005, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
Taurine |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
Malaria (UM + CM) = HC |
Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM |
Link |
|
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF |
= |
|
|
> |
|
|
|
|
|
121-175 |
CMseq = CMnseq |
Dobbie et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
TGF-b mRNA |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Blood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
= |
n.s. |
88 |
SM > HC |
Lourembam et al., 2013, Cytokine |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
N.I. |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
|
= |
= |
|
|
|
|
14 |
No colocalisation with astrocytes; TGF-b protein expression in tissue surrounding larger brain vessels; no staining in spleens from CM patients; + correlation with IL-1b and TNF-a mRNA expression |
Brown et al., 1999, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
> |
|
> |
|
|
|
|
21 |
Staining in CM patients was as intense as in 1 NM patient with bacterial meningitis; intra- and perivascular staining; staining in cerebellum > staining in cerebrum and brainstem |
Armah et al., 2005, Ann Trop Med Parasitol |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
|
> |
> |
|
|
|
|
15 |
In astrocytes that form the BBB around capillaries with Hz and/or pRBC sequestration |
Deininger et al., 2000, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF |
|
|
|
> |
> |
|
|
|
|
71 |
N.I. |
Brown et al., 2000, Neurology |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF (PM) |
|
|
= |
|
= |
|
|
|
|
19 |
N.I. |
Armah et al., 2007, Malar J |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
= |
|
< |
59 |
- correlation with TNF-a and parasitemia |
Perkins et al., 2000, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
48 |
Malaria (NCSM + UM) < HC (patients in the convalescent phase of malaria) |
Awandare et al., 2006, Clin Immunol |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
> |
|
|
> |
> |
|
|
97 |
UM = endemic HC > non-endemic HC |
Prakash et al., 2006, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
< |
|
|
|
< |
|
< |
122 |
CM Thai patients < CM Tanzanian patients; CM, SM, pregnancy malaria < HC |
Chaiyaroj et al., 2004, Acta Trop |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
> |
145 |
- correlation with IL-12 and IL-18 |
Musumeci et al., 2003, Cytokine |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
33 |
CM = NCSM + UM |
Esamai et al., 2003, J Trop Pediatr |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< |
54 |
Serum TGF-b ↑ during treatment; - correlation with TNF-a and sTNFR1 |
Wenisch et al., 1995, J Clin Immun |
Link |
|
TGF-b1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum (PM) |
|
|
= |
|
= |
|
|
|
|
19 |
N.I. |
Armah et al., 2007, Malar J |
Link |
|
TGF-b1:IL-12 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
34 |
N.I. |
Perkins et al., 2000, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
TGF-b1:TNF-a |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
< |
|
|
34 |
N.I. |
Perkins et al., 2000, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
TGF-b2 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
|
> |
> |
|
|
|
|
15 |
In MF/microglial cells that accumulate in Dürck’s granulomas and in glioses or ring hemorrhages |
Deininger et al., 2000, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
TGF-b3 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
|
> |
> |
|
|
|
|
15 |
In EC and smooth muscle cells of the brain vasculature with Hz and/or pRBC sequestration |
Deininger et al., 2000, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
Threonine |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
Malaria (UM + CM) = HC |
Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM |
Link |
|
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
52 |
Plasma levels returned to normal as the AT-III plasma levels ↑ |
Pukrittayakamee et al., 1989, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
SM > HC |
Clemens et al., 1994, Br J Haematol |
Link |
|
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
> |
45 |
+ correlation with parasitemia |
Holst et al., 1999, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
37 |
+ correlation with thrombomodulin |
Hemmer et al., 1994, Thromb Haemost |
Link |
|
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
> |
|
|
n.s. |
> |
> |
|
= |
= |
176 |
CM > HC |
Moxon et al., 2013, Blood |
Link |
|
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
> |
54 |
Levels returned to normal during treatment; + correlation with parasitemia, TNF-a and partial thromboplastin time; - correlation with protein C antigen and activity, protein C inhibitor-1, prothrombine time, fibrinogen and platelet count |
Hemmer et al., 1991, Am J Med |
Link |
|
Thrombomodulin (TM) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Endothelial cells (subcutaneous fat tissue) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37 |
CM < HC |
Moxon et al., 2013, Blood |
Link |
|
Thrombomodulin (TM) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
37 |
|
Hemmer et al., 1994, Thromb Haemost |
Link |
|
Thrombopoietin (TPO) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
79 |
RF, RF + CM > CM > NCSM (no RF) = UM; levels normalized upon treatment; - correlation with platelet counts |
Kreil et al., 2000, Br J Haematol |
Link |
|
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM) |
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
|
|
13 |
TSP-1 staining of macrophages in Dürck's granulomas, absent if no Dürck's granulomas are present |
Deininger et al., 2003, J Neuroimmunol |
Link |
|
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
|
|
18 |
No staining in brains from patients who died from NM causes |
Ockenhouse et al., 1992, J Exp Med |
Link |
|
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
|
|
= |
|
|
|
|
18 |
Increased in lungs from CM cases |
Turner et al., 1994, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
= |
|
|
|
|
|
|
58 |
SM (CM + NCSM) = HC (indicated as data not shown) |
Larkin et al., 2009 PLoS Pathog |
Link |
|
TIMP-1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
|
|
= |
|
|
|
> |
= |
> |
128 |
SM > NM; NM = HC; + correlation with MOD score and MMP-8; - correlation with coma score |
Dietmann et al., 2008, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
TIMP-2 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
|
|
= |
|
|
|
= |
= |
< |
128 |
NM < HC > SM |
Dietmann et al., 2008, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
Tissue factor (TF) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
|
|
> |
= |
|
|
|
22 |
UM: parasitemic controls who died from other causes |
Francischetti et al., 2007, J Thromb Haemost |
Link |
|
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) |
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< |
100 |
P. falciparum = P. vivax; tPA activity: SM = UM < HC |
Mohanty et al., 1997, Am J Hematol |
Link |
|
TLR2 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
PBMC |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27 |
TLR2 expression on mDC + CD14+Mo: SM = UM > HC; %TLR2+CD14+Mo + TLR2+ mDC: SM = UM < HC |
Loharungsikul et al., 2008, Acta Trop |
Link |
|
TLR4 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
PBMC |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27 |
TLR4 expression on mDC + CD14+Mo: SM = UM = HC |
Loharungsikul et al., 2008, Acta Trop |
Link |
|
TLR9 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
PBMC |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27 |
TLR9 expression on pDC: SM = UM < HC; TLR9 expression on B cells: SM = UM = HC |
Loharungsikul et al., 2008, Acta Trop |
Link |
|
TNF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
145 |
SM = febrile UM > UM; + correlation with body temperature |
Perera et al., 2013, Pathog Glob Health |
Link |
|
TNF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
> |
|
|
> |
= |
|
> |
158 |
CM > HC; NCSM > HC; MOD > NCSM, UM, HC; partial normalisation at patient discharge; - correlation with parasite density, erythrocyte count, platelet count; + correlation with microparticles from endothelial, erythrocytic and platelet origin |
Sahu et al., 2013, Human Immunol |
Link |
|
TNF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum |
|
|
= |
|
|
< |
= |
> |
> |
179 |
CM = NM; SM/NCSM > NM; + correlation with serum IL-1b, IL-10, IL-6 and GM-CSF in all patient groups (UM, CM, and SMA) |
Burté et al., 2013, Blood |
Link |
|
TNF |
Plasmodium vivax |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
99 |
HC were the same patients 3 weeks after treatment; nontransmitters = transmitters |
Abeles et al., 2013, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
TNF |
Plasmodium vivax |
Serum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
= |
41 |
+ correlation with platelet phagocytosis index (by THP-1 cells) |
Coelho et al., 2013, PLoS One |
Link |
|
TNF mRNA |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Blood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
= |
= |
= |
88 |
SM = HC |
Lourembam et al., 2013, Cytokine |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
N.I. |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
|
= |
> |
|
|
|
|
14 |
TNF-a mRNA present in all CM cases, no TNF-a mRNA in NM-CNS, and in only 1 NM-NCNS case whereas TNF-a protein staining was found in all CM and NM-CNS brains but not in NM-NCNS brains; expressed by splenic MF from CM patients; + correlation with TGF-b and IL-1b |
Brown et al., 1999, J Infect Dis |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
> |
|
> |
|
|
|
|
21 |
Parenchymal, intra- and perivascular staining; no TNF-a staining in SMA or NM (except bacterial meningitis) ; staining in cerebellum > staining in cerebrum and brainstem |
Armah et al., 2005, Ann Trop Med Parasitol |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF |
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
|
|
84 |
CM patients: CSF < Serum; CSF levels associated with neurological sequelae after recovering from CM |
John et al., 2008, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
TNF-a |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF |
|
|
|
= |
= |
|
|
|
|
71 |
Only significantly increased in the tubercular meningitis group |
Brown et al., 2000, Neurology |
Link |