Human data

Expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, adhesion molecules, angiogenic and coagulation factors, metabolic molecules, etc. in different organs e.g. serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and postmortem (PM) brains, are compared between several patient groups according to severity and complication [e.g. lethal (†) versus non-lethal cerebral malaria (CM), CM versus uncomplicated malaria (UM), severe malaria (SM)/non-cerebral severe malaria (NCSM) versus UM, UM versus healthy controls (HC)]. Information on the country, transmission level, parasite species, adult versus pediatric patients, patient number, additional clinical or correlation data, references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included for each molecule listed in the database.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: AM, asymptomatic malaria; N.I., not indicated; NM, non-malaria patients; NM-CNS, NM patients with involvement of the central nervous system; NM-NCNS, NM patients without CNS involvement; n.s., not significant; >, higher levels than; <, lower levels than; =, similar levels; ≤, lower or similar levels than; >*, when adjusted for interactions with other complications (multivariate analysis), the association looses it's significance

	Select	Field
	Full
	Molecular group
	Molecule/Cell
	Plasmodium strain
	Organ
	Population
	Transmission
	Adult/Pediatric
	CM† vs CM
	SM† vs SM
	CM vs NCSM
	CM vs NM-CNS
	CM vs NM-NCNS
	CM vs UM
	SM/NCSM vs UM
	UM vs NM
	UM vs HC
	Patient number
	Additional differences
	Refs
	PubMed

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Organ	CM† vs CM	SM† vs SM	CM vs NCSM	CM vs NM-CNS	CM vs NM-NCNS	CM vs UM	SM/NCSM vs UM	UM vs NM	UM vs HC	Patient number	Additional differences	Refs	PubMed
sLaminin	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	71	Levels returned to normal 3 days posttreatment; + correlation with parasitemia, sTNFR1, sICAM-1 and sELAM-1	Wenisch et al., 1994, J Clin Pathol	Link
sLaminin	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										20	SM > HC; serum levels decreased slowly during treatment; SM > UM (compared with data from Wenish et al. 1994 J Clin Pathol. 47:787-789)	Burgmann et al., 1996, J Clin Immunol	Link
Sodium	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										306	CM + RD, CM, RD > hyperparasitemia/prostration	English et al., 1997, QJM	Link
Sodium	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		<								268	N.I.	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link
sP-selectin (sCD62P)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			=	=	=	=	253	N.I.	Hollestelle et al., 2006, Br J Haematol	Link
sP-selectin (sCD62P)	Plasmodium falciparum	Platelet-poor plasma										52	Malaria (SM + UM) > HC; levels increased upon start of antimalarial treatment; + correlation with ANG1 and VEGF	Brouwers et al., 2012, PLoS One	Link
sThrombomodulin (sTM)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF										33	CM > NM	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
sThrombomodulin (sTM)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	CM > HC	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
sThrombomodulin (sTM)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			555	Before episode < during episode > after episode; + correlation with uric acid in UM	Mita-Mendoza et al., 2013, PLoS One	Link
sTissue factor (sTF)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			555	Before episode > during episode = after episode	Mita-Mendoza et al., 2013, PLoS One	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			>		>					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					>				133	N.I.	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								41	+ correlation with age and parasitemia; 3 days after treatment: levels ↓ in recovery group with SM† > SM	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										48	CM, RF > NCSM > HC; plasma levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with TNF-a and IL-6	Wenisch et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>					>	>		>	160	+ correlation with parasitemia, glucose, bilirubin, lactate, urea and creatinine; - correlation with hemoglobin	Deloron et al., 1994, Eur Cytokine Netw	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	16	N.I.	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	=					=		>		152	UM > AM	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Infect Immun	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	54	Serum TNFR1 ↓ during treatment; - correlation with TGF-b; + correlation with TNF-a	Wenisch et al., 1995, J Clin Immun	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	54	Levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with parasitemia, sICAM-1 and sELAM-1	Wenisch et al., 1994, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	=					>			>	79	CMseq = CMnseq; + correlation with sTNF-R2 and TNF-a	Molyneux et al., 1993, Cytokine	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	49	NM, malaria > HC; levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with sTNF-RII; - correlation with factor II+VII+X	Bygbjerg et al., 1997, APMIS	Link
sTNF-R2	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	=									50	+ correlation with neopterin, fever and coma duration before admission	Weiss et al., 1998, J Infect Dis	Link
sTNF-R2	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			>		>					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
sTNF-R2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>					=	=		>	160	+ correlation with parasitemia, glucose, bilirubin, lactate, urea and creatinine; - correlation with hemoglobin	Deloron et al., 1994, Eur Cytokine Netw	Link
sTNF-R2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>					=			>	133	N.I.	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
sTNF-R2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								41	+ correlation with parasitemia; 3 days after treatment: levels ↓ in both groups	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
sTNF-R2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	16	N.I.	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
sTNF-R2	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	=					=			>	79	CMseq = CMnseq; + correlation with sTNF-R1 and TNF-a	Molyneux et al., 1993, Cytokine	Link
sTNF-R2	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
sTNF-R2	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	48	NM, malaria > HC; levels ↓ slowly during treatment; + correlation with sTNF-RI	Bygbjerg et al., 1997, APMIS	Link
sTNF-R2: PDGFbb	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>									133	CM† > UM; CM† > HC	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
sTNF-R2:VEGF	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>									133	CM† > UM; CM† > HC	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
sTransferrin receptor (sTfR)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						=	=	=	<	179		Burté et al., 2013, Blood	Link
suPAR	N.I.	Plasma		>								645	SM > NM > HC; plasma levels were ↑ for patients with respiratory distress (SM + NM), hypoglycemia (SM + NM), coma (SM); plasma levels were ↓ in SM patients with a sickling phenotytpe and there was no difference between SM patients with or without severe anemia; + correlation with temperature on admission, parasitemia, liver size, neutrophil count, platelet distribution width (PDW) and WBC count; - correlation with duration of symptoms before admission, platelet count, red cell distribution width and blood glucose; an ↑ of 1ng/mL suPAR, ↓ blood glucose, respiratory distress, coma and ↑ WBC count predicted ↑ risk of mortality; plasma suPAR ↑ with disease severity, shorter duration of symptoms before admission, ↑ parasitemia, thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia, anemia and hypoglycemia	Ostrowski et al., 2005, J Infect Dis	Link
suPAR	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										87	Malaria(↑parasitemia) > Malaria (↓parasitemia) = NM; levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with parasitemia	Perch et al., 2004, Parasite Immunol	Link
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=		=				>		>	212	+ correlation with TNF-a	Tchinda et al., 2007, Acta Trop	Link
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			61	SM > NM; + correlation with parasitemia, sE-selectin and borderline correlation with sICAM-1	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Immunology	Link
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	41	N.I.	Elhassan et al., 1994, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			38	N.I.	Vogetseder et al., 2004, Trop Med Int Health	Link
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	86	SM > HC; SM > sepsis; sepsis < UM; + correlation with VCAM-1 staining (IHC) on dermal microvasculature	Turner et al., 1998, Am J Pathol	Link
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			555	before episode < during episode > after episode	Mita-Mendoza et al., 2013, PLoS One	Link
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	71	↓ upon treatment but remained > normal levels	Wenisch et al., 1994, J Infect Dis	Link
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Serum								=	>	42	UM P.falciparum = UM P.vivax; + correlation with sE-selectin and borderline correlation with sICAM-1	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Immunology	Link
sVEGFR1	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma								=	=	114	P. falciparum = P. vivax	Furuta et al., 2010, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
sVEGFR2	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma								>	>	114	P. falciparum = P. vivax > NM = HC; no difference between races; levels returned to normal after treatment	Furuta et al., 2010, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	146	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
Tau (axons)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF			>							138	Malaria = NM; in the malaria group tau levels significantly ↑ with ↓ consciousness; - correlation with levels of consciousness; + correlation with severe anemia, respiratory rate, deep breathing and parasitemia; ↓in hypoglycemic patients	Medana et al., 2007, J Neurol Sci	Link
Tau (axons)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF			=							36	SM > NM-NCNS; + correlation with duration of coma (independent of renal failure), plasma creatinin levels, urea nitrogen levels and sGOT/AST	Medana et al., 2005, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
Taurine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	=			>						121-175	CMseq = CMnseq	Dobbie et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
TGF-b mRNA	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood							>	=	n.s.	88	SM > HC	Lourembam et al., 2013, Cytokine	Link
TGF-b1	N.I.	Brain (PM)-IHC				=	=					14	No colocalisation with astrocytes; TGF-b protein expression in tissue surrounding larger brain vessels; no staining in spleens from CM patients; + correlation with IL-1b and TNF-a mRNA expression	Brown et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC			>		>					21	Staining in CM patients was as intense as in 1 NM patient with bacterial meningitis; intra- and perivascular staining; staining in cerebellum > staining in cerebrum and brainstem	Armah et al., 2005, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC				>	>					15	In astrocytes that form the BBB around capillaries with Hz and/or pRBC sequestration	Deininger et al., 2000, J Infect Dis	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF				>	>					71	N.I.	Brown et al., 2000, Neurology	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		<	59	- correlation with TNF-a and parasitemia	Perkins et al., 2000, J Infect Dis	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										48	Malaria (NCSM + UM) < HC (patients in the convalescent phase of malaria)	Awandare et al., 2006, Clin Immunol	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			>			>	>			97	UM = endemic HC > non-endemic HC	Prakash et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			<				<		<	122	CM Thai patients < CM Tanzanian patients; CM, SM, pregnancy malaria < HC	Chaiyaroj et al., 2004, Acta Trop	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	145	- correlation with IL-12 and IL-18	Musumeci et al., 2003, Cytokine	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										33	CM = NCSM + UM	Esamai et al., 2003, J Trop Pediatr	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									<	54	Serum TGF-b ↑ during treatment; - correlation with TNF-a and sTNFR1	Wenisch et al., 1995, J Clin Immun	Link
TGF-b1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
TGF-b1:IL-12	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			34	N.I.	Perkins et al., 2000, J Infect Dis	Link
TGF-b1:TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			34	N.I.	Perkins et al., 2000, J Infect Dis	Link
TGF-b2	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC				>	>					15	In MF/microglial cells that accumulate in Dürck’s granulomas and in glioses or ring hemorrhages	Deininger et al., 2000, J Infect Dis	Link
TGF-b3	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC				>	>					15	In EC and smooth muscle cells of the brain vasculature with Hz and/or pRBC sequestration	Deininger et al., 2000, J Infect Dis	Link
Threonine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			52	Plasma levels returned to normal as the AT-III plasma levels ↑	Pukrittayakamee et al., 1989, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										32	SM > HC	Clemens et al., 1994, Br J Haematol	Link
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	45	+ correlation with parasitemia	Holst et al., 1999, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			37	+ correlation with thrombomodulin	Hemmer et al., 1994, Thromb Haemost	Link
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>			n.s.	>	>		=	=	176	CM > HC	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	54	Levels returned to normal during treatment; + correlation with parasitemia, TNF-a and partial thromboplastin time; - correlation with protein C antigen and activity, protein C inhibitor-1, prothrombine time, fibrinogen and platelet count	Hemmer et al., 1991, Am J Med	Link
Thrombomodulin (TM)	Plasmodium falciparum	Endothelial cells (subcutaneous fat tissue)										37	CM < HC	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
Thrombomodulin (TM)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			37		Hemmer et al., 1994, Thromb Haemost	Link
Thrombopoietin (TPO)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							>			79	RF, RF + CM > CM > NCSM (no RF) = UM; levels normalized upon treatment; - correlation with platelet counts	Kreil et al., 2000, Br J Haematol	Link
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)					>					13	TSP-1 staining of macrophages in Dürck's granulomas, absent if no Dürck's granulomas are present	Deininger et al., 2003, J Neuroimmunol	Link
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC					>					18	No staining in brains from patients who died from NM causes	Ockenhouse et al., 1992, J Exp Med	Link
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC					=					18	Increased in lungs from CM cases	Turner et al., 1994, Am J Pathol	Link
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=							58	SM (CM + NCSM) = HC (indicated as data not shown)	Larkin et al., 2009 PLoS Pathog	Link
TIMP-1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum			=				>	=	>	128	SM > NM; NM = HC; + correlation with MOD score and MMP-8; - correlation with coma score	Dietmann et al., 2008, J Infect Dis	Link
TIMP-2	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum			=				=	=	<	128	NM < HC > SM	Dietmann et al., 2008, J Infect Dis	Link
Tissue factor (TF)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC					>	=				22	UM: parasitemic controls who died from other causes	Francischetti et al., 2007, J Thromb Haemost	Link
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									<	100	P. falciparum = P. vivax; tPA activity: SM = UM < HC	Mohanty et al., 1997, Am J Hematol	Link
TLR2	Plasmodium falciparum	PBMC										27	TLR2 expression on mDC + CD14+Mo: SM = UM > HC; %TLR2+CD14+Mo + TLR2+ mDC: SM = UM < HC	Loharungsikul et al., 2008, Acta Trop	Link
TLR4	Plasmodium falciparum	PBMC										27	TLR4 expression on mDC + CD14+Mo: SM = UM = HC	Loharungsikul et al., 2008, Acta Trop	Link
TLR9	Plasmodium falciparum	PBMC										27	TLR9 expression on pDC: SM = UM < HC; TLR9 expression on B cells: SM = UM = HC	Loharungsikul et al., 2008, Acta Trop	Link
TNF	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			145	SM = febrile UM > UM; + correlation with body temperature	Perera et al., 2013, Pathog Glob Health	Link
TNF	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			>			>	=		>	158	CM > HC; NCSM > HC; MOD > NCSM, UM, HC; partial normalisation at patient discharge; - correlation with parasite density, erythrocyte count, platelet count; + correlation with microparticles from endothelial, erythrocytic and platelet origin	Sahu et al., 2013, Human Immunol	Link
TNF	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum			=			<	=	>	>	179	CM = NM; SM/NCSM > NM; + correlation with serum IL-1b, IL-10, IL-6 and GM-CSF in all patient groups (UM, CM, and SMA)	Burté et al., 2013, Blood	Link
TNF	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	99	HC were the same patients 3 weeks after treatment; nontransmitters = transmitters	Abeles et al., 2013, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
TNF	Plasmodium vivax	Serum									=	41	+ correlation with platelet phagocytosis index (by THP-1 cells)	Coelho et al., 2013, PLoS One	Link
TNF mRNA	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood							=	=	=	88	SM = HC	Lourembam et al., 2013, Cytokine	Link
TNF-a	N.I.	Brain (PM)-IHC				=	>					14	TNF-a mRNA present in all CM cases, no TNF-a mRNA in NM-CNS, and in only 1 NM-NCNS case whereas TNF-a protein staining was found in all CM and NM-CNS brains but not in NM-NCNS brains; expressed by splenic MF from CM patients; + correlation with TGF-b and IL-1b	Brown et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC			>		>					21	Parenchymal, intra- and perivascular staining; no TNF-a staining in SMA or NM (except bacterial meningitis) ; staining in cerebellum > staining in cerebrum and brainstem	Armah et al., 2005, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF					>					84	CM patients: CSF < Serum; CSF levels associated with neurological sequelae after recovering from CM	John et al., 2008, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF				=	=					71	Only significantly increased in the tubercular meningitis group	Brown et al., 2000, Neurology	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Pages

(L-)Arginine
2,3-bisphospho-glycerate (BPG)
3-hydroxy-butyrate (3-OHB)
5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA)
a1-antitrypsin
a2-macroglobulin
Acetylhydrolase (AH) activity (PAF → lyso-PAF)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Activated protein C (aPC)
ADAMTS13 (activity)
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
Adiponectin
Alanine
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
ANG1
ANG2
ANG2:ANG1
Angiostatin
Anti-a-galactosyl IgG
Anti-dsDNA Ab
Anti-dsDNA IgG
Anti-nuclear Ab (ANA)
Anti-ribonucleo-protein (RNP) IgG
Anti-rosetting activity
Anti-ssDNA Ab
Anti-ssDNA IgG
Antithrombin-III (AT-III)
Apo A
Apo B
Arginase
Ascorbate
Ascorbic acid
Asparagine
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Assymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)
b-amyloid precursor protein (b-APP) (axons)
b2-glycoprotein 1 (Apo H)
Bicarbonate
Bicyclo-PGE2
Bicyclo-PGE2/ creatinine
Big endothelin-1 (bET1)
Bilirubin
Bilirubin (Bb)
Biopterin
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C-peptide
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)
C1q
C3
C4
C4d
C4d:C4
Calcium
Carboxyhemoglobin
CCL11 (Eotaxin)
CCL2 (MCP-1)
CCL3 (MIP-1a)
CCL4 (MIP-1b)
CCL5 (RANTES)
CCR1
CCR3
CCR5
CD23 (FceRII)
CD36
CD68
Cellular DNA strand break (apoptosis)
Chloride
Ciliary neutrophic factor (CNTF)
Circulating immune complexes (CIC)
Class I HLA
Cortisol
COX-1
COX-2
creatinin kinase muscle brain (CK-MB)
creatinine
CRP
CTGF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL10 (IP-10):PDGFbb
CXCL10 (IP-10):VEGF
CXCL11 (I-TAC)
CXCL12(a) (SDF-1)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL7 (NAP-2)
CXCL8 (IL-8)
CXCL8 (IL-8) mRNA
CXCL9 (MIG)
Cystatin C
Dihydrobiopterin (BH2)
E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E)
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
Endothelin-1 (Et-1)
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
Eosinophil protein X (EPX)
Epinephrine
EPO
Factor B
Factor II+VII+X
Factor IX
Factor V
Factor VIII
Factor XII
Factor XIII
Ferritin
FFA
FGF basic protein
Fibrin
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen leakage
Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)
G-CSF
Glucagon
Glucose
Glutamic acid
Glycerol
Glycine
Glycine-rich b-glycoprotein (GBG)
GM-CSF
Haptoglobin
HDL-cholesterol
HDL:total cholesterol
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP)
Hepcidin
His:ΣNAA (%)
Histamine
Histidine
HMGB1
HMW-kininogen
HO-1
Human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL)
iC3
iC3:C3
ICAM-1 (CD54)
IFN-g
IFN-g mRNA
IgA-immune complexes (IC)
IgE against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgE-immune complexes (IC)
IgG against a-galactosyl
IgG against b-tubulin 3 (TBB3) (brain)
IgG against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG against C2 fragment of RAP1
IgG against cardiolipin (CL)
IgG against conserved C-terminal ATS domain of PfEMP-1
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP119
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP142
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP2 (K1 17/14)
IgG against conserved N-terminal block 1 region of MSP1
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2 (FC27-type protein T9/105 12/6)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2A (IC1/3D7-type protein T9/96 13/14)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2B (GF/88)
IgG against full-length FC27-type protein or against polymorphic regions of MSP2
IgG against g-aminobutyric acid synthesizing enzyme (GAD)
IgG against highly conserved N-terminal DBL-1a domains of PfEMP-1
IgG against MSP3
IgG against MSPall (MSP119+ MSP2A + MSP2B)
IgG against muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
IgG against N-terminus of SERA5 (SE36)
IgG against non-erythroid spectrin (a and b) (brain)
IgG against non-infected RBC protein extract
IgG against P-/Q- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC)
IgG against PfEMP-13D7
IgG against phosphatidylcholine (PC)
IgG against phosphatidylinositol (PI)
IgG against Plasmodial GPI
IgG against rifin (rif-29)
IgG against rifin (rif-29, -40, -44, -50)
IgG against the ectodomein of AMA1
IgG against total brain protein extract
IgG against voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC)
IgG against VSA
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1 (RO33 type)
IgG anti-IgE
IgG-immune complexes (IC)
IgG1 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG1 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG1,IgG3 against GLURP (R0 and R2)
IgG1-immune complexes (IC)
IgG2 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG2 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG2-immune complexes (IC)
IgG3 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG3 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG3-immune complexes (IC)
IgG4 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG4 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG4-immune complexes (IC)
IgG:IgE
IgM against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgM against PC
IgM against PI
IgM against Plasmodial GPI
IgM against total brain protein extract
IL-1
IL-10
IL-10 mRNA
IL-10:IL-12
IL-10:TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12a mRNA
IL-12p40
IL-12p40/p70
IL-12p70
IL-13
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18 mRNA
IL-1a
IL-1b
IL-1ra
IL-1ra:IL-1b
IL-2
IL-2 mRNA
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-6:IL-10
IL-6Rb (gp130)
IL-7
IL-9
Inorganic phosphate
Insulin
Isoleucine
Kallikrein inhibitor
Kininase I
Kynurenic acid (KA)
L-arg:ADMA
L-arg:ornithine
L-Phenylalanine
Lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate:pyruvate
LDL-cholesterol
Leucine
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
LT
Lysine
Lyso-platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF)
Lysozyme
m-(mu)Calpain (I)
m-Calpain (II)
Macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)
Magnesium
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
Methemoglobin
Methionine
Microparticles (endothelial cell-derived)
Microparticles (erythrocyte-derived)
Microparticles (platelet-derived)
Microparticles (total)
MIF
MMP-1
MMP-8
MMP-9
Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14, S100A9)
Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8, S100A8)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Myoglobin
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)
Neopterin
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)
Norepinephrine
NOS
NOS2
O2-carrying capacity
Occludin
Ornithine
Parasite-spec IgA
Parasite-spec IgE
Parasite-spec IgG
Parasite-spec IgG1
Parasite-spec IgG2
Parasite-spec IgG3
Parasite-spec IgG4
Parasite-spec IgM
PC inhibitor-1 (PCI-1)
PDGFbb
PECAM-1 (CD31)
Phe:ΣNAA (%)
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
Picolinic acid (PA)
Plasminogen
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Platelet activating factor (PAF)
Potassium
Prekallikrein
Protein C (PC)
Protein S
Prothrombin fragment F1+2 : activated protein C (aPC)
Prothrombin time (PT)
QA:KA
QA:PA
Quinolinic acid (QA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)
RNI: TNF-a
S100B (astrocytes)
SC5b-9 (MAC)
sCD14
sCD21
sCD21:sCD23
sCD23
sCD4
sCD8
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)
sEndothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
sEng (sCD105, sTGF-bRIII)
Serine
sFas
sFas:PDGFbb
sFas:VEGF
sFasL
sGranzyme A
sGranzyme B
Sialoadhesin (SA)
sICAM-1 (sCD54)
SIG (strong ion gap → un-measured anions)
sIL-2R (CD25)
sIL-4R
sIL-6R
sL-selectin (sCD62L)
sLaminin
Sodium
sP-selectin (sCD62P)
sThrombomodulin (sTM)
sTissue factor (sTF)
sTNF-R1
sTNF-R2
sTNF-R2: PDGFbb
sTNF-R2:VEGF
sTransferrin receptor (sTfR)
suPAR
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)
sVEGFR1
sVEGFR2
Symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA)
Tau (axons)
Taurine
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
TGF-b mRNA
TGF-b1
TGF-b1:IL-12
TGF-b1:TNF-a
TGF-b2
TGF-b3
Threonine
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)
Thrombomodulin (TM)
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)
TIMP-1
TIMP-2
Tissue factor (TF)
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
TLR2
TLR4
TLR9
TNF
TNF mRNA
TNF-a
TNF-a:IL-10
TNF-a:sTNF-R1
TNF-a:sTNF-R1/2
TNF-a:sTNF-R2
TNF:IL-10
Total cholesterol
Total IgA
Total IgE
Total IgE:sCD23
Total IgG
Total IgM
Total kininogen
Transferrin
Triglycerides
Trp:ΣNAA (%)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Tyr:Phe (%)
Tyr:ΣNAA (%)
Tyrosine
uPAR
Urea
Uric acid
Valine
VCAM-1 (CD106)
VEGF
VEGFR1
Vinculin
vWF
vWF activation factors
vWF propeptide
vWF(:Ag)
vWF(CB:Ag)
ZO-1

Asian, African and Caucasian travelers
Bangladesh
Brazil
Britain, Ghana
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (Mossi etnic group)
Burundi
Burundi, Congo, France
Cameroon
Canada
China
Congo
Denmark
Ethiopia
European travelers
European travelers, Africa
France
Gabon
Ghana
Ghana and travelers of mixed origin
Guinea-Bissau
India
India
Indonesia
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Kenya vs European and Kenyan Con
Kenya vs European Con
Kenya vs USA Con
Madagascar
Madagascar, France
Malawi
Malawi vs European Con
Mali
Mixed group
Mixed origin with mixed malaria species
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nigeria
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Senegal
Solomon Island
South Africa
Sri Lanka
St. Tomé
Sudan
Sudan, Ethiopia
Tanzania
Thailand
Thailand, Tanzania
The Gambia
The Gambia vs European Con
The Gambia vs Giambian and European Con
Uganda
Uganda vs American Con
Vietnam
Vietnam vs European Con
Vietnam vs Vietnamese and European Con
Vietnam, Myanmar
Yemen
Zambia