Human data

Expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, adhesion molecules, angiogenic and coagulation factors, metabolic molecules, etc. in different organs e.g. serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and postmortem (PM) brains, are compared between several patient groups according to severity and complication [e.g. lethal (†) versus non-lethal cerebral malaria (CM), CM versus uncomplicated malaria (UM), severe malaria (SM)/non-cerebral severe malaria (NCSM) versus UM, UM versus healthy controls (HC)]. Information on the country, transmission level, parasite species, adult versus pediatric patients, patient number, additional clinical or correlation data, references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included for each molecule listed in the database.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: AM, asymptomatic malaria; N.I., not indicated; NM, non-malaria patients; NM-CNS, NM patients with involvement of the central nervous system; NM-NCNS, NM patients without CNS involvement; n.s., not significant; >, higher levels than; <, lower levels than; =, similar levels; ≤, lower or similar levels than; >*, when adjusted for interactions with other complications (multivariate analysis), the association looses it's significance

	Select	Field
	Full
	Molecular group
	Molecule/Cell
	Plasmodium strain
	Organ
	Population
	Transmission
	Adult/Pediatric
	CM† vs CM
	SM† vs SM
	CM vs NCSM
	CM vs NM-CNS
	CM vs NM-NCNS
	CM vs UM
	SM/NCSM vs UM
	UM vs NM
	UM vs HC
	Patient number
	Additional differences
	Refs
	PubMed

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Organ	CM† vs CM	SM† vs SM	CM vs NCSM	CM vs NM-CNS	CM vs NM-NCNS	CM vs UM	SM/NCSM vs UM	UM vs NM	UM vs HC	Patient number	Additional differences	Refs	PubMed
IgM against total brain protein extract	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			<							98	Malaria (CM + SM + UM) > HC	Bansal et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
IL-1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										16	Not detectable in UM or HC	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF					=					84	CM patients: CSF < Serum	John et al., 2008, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			>			=	<			77	NCSM patients are patients with SMA	Kurtzhals et al., 1998, Lancet	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	200	+ correlation with TNF-a, IFN-g, parasitemia and pigment-containing neutrophils	Luty et al., 2000, Infect Immun	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	111	N.I.	Hermsen et al., 2003, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	59	+ correlation with parasitemia and TNF-a; - correlation with TGF-b1	Perkins et al., 2000, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			>	>		>	136	N.I.	Peyron et al., 1994, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			=	=		>	123	SM > HC	Guiyedi et al., 2007, PLoS One	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								143	hyperparasitemia/prostration > RD, CM; + correlation with plasma IL-6	English et al., 1997, QJM	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	135	CM, NCSM > HC; + correlation with plasma total IgE (UM); - correlation with plasma total IgE (AM)	Duarte et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			145	SM > febrile UM = UM; + correlation with body temperature	Perera et al., 2013, Pathog Glob Health	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										48	Malaria (NCSM + UM) > HC (patients in the convalescent phase of malaria)	Awandare et al., 2006, Clin Immunol	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	129	NCSM > HC; - correlation with plasma bicyclo-PGE2	Perkins et al., 2001, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			>			>			>	98	NCSM, UM > endemic HC > non-endemic HC; + correlation with plasma total IgE	Duarte et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								41	+ correlation with parasitemia; 3 days after treatment: levels ↓ in both groups	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			38	Levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6	Vogetseder et al., 2004, Trop Med Int Health	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>*		=							48	N.I.	Deloron et al., 1994, Clin Infect Dis	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					n.s.			>	86	N.I.	Baptista et al., 1997, Trop Med Int Health	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					=			>	133	N.I.	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			>			>	>		>	97	endemic HC ≥ non-endemic HC	Prakash et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						>			>	138	AM = HC	Anstey et al., 1996, J Exp Med	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>	<*							287	cerebral symptoms < cerebral symptoms + coma + MOD; + correlation with IL-6, venous lactate, standard base deficit, respiratory rate and parasite count; high levels associated with hyperparasitemia, jaundice and hemodynamic shock	Day et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	16	N.I.	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum		=	>				>		>	748	N.I.	Lyke et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	>					>			>	217	- correlation with platelet count	John et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum			=			<	<	>	>	179	CM > NM; SM/NCSM > NM; + correlation with serum TNF and GM-CSF in all patient groups (UM, CM, and SMA) and with IL-1b and IL-6 in UM and SMA patients (but not in CM patients)	Burté et al., 2013, Blood	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	54	+ correlation with IFN-g	Wenisch et al., 1995, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum (1 Plasmodium vivax)	Brain (PM)-IHC			>		>					7	CM(falciparum) > SM(vivax)	Maneerat et al., 1999, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									=	255	UM vivax = UM falciparum; UM vivax > HC; non-anemic patients: P. vivax > P. falciparum; P. vivax: anemic patients = non-anemic patients; patients without parasite-specific IgM < patients with parasite-specific IgM; patients without parasite-specific IgG > patients with parasite-specific IgG; P. falciparum: anemic patients > non-anemic patients; patients without parasite-specific IgM, IgG = patients with parasite-specific IgM, IgG	Fernandes et al., 2006, Clin Vaccine Immunol	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	99	HC were the same patients 3 weeks after treatment; nontransmitters > transmitters	Abeles et al., 2013, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-10	Plasmodium vivax	Serum									>	41	Thrombocytopenic patients > non-thrombocytopenic patients; - correlation with platelet counts	Coelho et al., 2013, PLoS One	Link
IL-10 mRNA	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood							=	<	<	88	SM < HC,NM	Lourembam et al., 2013, Cytokine	Link
IL-10:IL-12	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			34	N.I.	Perkins et al., 2000, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-10:TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			34	N.I.	Perkins et al., 2000, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-10:TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					=			=	133	N.I.	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
IL-12	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<		n.s.	59	- correlation with parasitemia	Perkins et al., 2000, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-12	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										48	Malaria (NCSM + UM) = HC (patients in the convalescent phase of malaria); + correlation with MIF	Awandare et al., 2006, Clin Immunol	Link
IL-12	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			<			<	<		>	97	SM > HC; endemic HC > non-endemic HC	Prakash et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-12	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<		>	145	SM > HC; + correlation with IL-18; - correlation with TGF-b	Musumeci et al., 2003, Cytokine	Link
IL-12	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									=	255	UM vivax = UM falciparum = HC; P. vivax: anemic patients = non-anemic patients; + correlation with parasitemia; P. falciparum: anemic patients > non-anemic patients; + correlation with IgG against components of the RBC membrane; P. vivax and P. falciparum: patients without parasite-specific IgM, IgG = patients with parasite-specific IgM, IgG	Fernandes et al., 2006, Clin Vaccine Immunol	Link
IL-12a mRNA	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood							<	n.s.	n.s.	88	SM = HC = NM	Lourembam et al., 2013, Cytokine	Link
IL-12p40	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-12p40	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		=	111	N.I.	Hermsen et al., 2003, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
IL-12p40/p70	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			200	NCSM < HC; - correlation with parasitemia, pigment-containing neutrophils, IL-10 and TNF-a; + correlation with IFN-g	Luty et al., 2000, Infect Immun	Link
IL-12p70	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										111	SM > HC	Hermsen et al., 2003, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
IL-12p70	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			<			<	<		=	94	SM, pregnancy malaria, CM(Thailand) < HC	Chaiyaroj et al., 2004, Acta Trop	Link
IL-12p70	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum		=	=				>		=	748	SM > HC	Lyke et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
IL-12p70	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-13	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-13	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			387	SM patients all have SMA; -7402T/-4729A haplotype is higher in SMA and is associated with increased susceptibility to SMA	Okeyo et al., 2013, BMC Immunol	Link
IL-13	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-15	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-15	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-17	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-17	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-18	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			29	- correlation with parasitemia	Perkmann et al., 2005, Cytokine	Link
IL-18	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			<			>	94	SM = HC (only CM data from Thailand)	Chaiyaroj et al., 2004, Acta Trop	Link
IL-18	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<		>	145	SM > HC; + correlation with IL-12; - correlation with TGF-b	Musumeci et al., 2003, Cytokine	Link
IL-18 mRNA	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood							=	<	n.s.	88	SM = HC	Lourembam et al., 2013, Cytokine	Link
IL-1a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>					>		>		466	+ correlation with TNF-a	Kwiatkowski et al., 1990, Lancet	Link
IL-1a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								115	concentrations between 4h and 24h were not predictors of outcome as the levels fluctuated considerably; + correlation with admission venous lactate concentrations and blood TNF-a	Krishna et al., 1994, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-1b	N.I.	Brain (PM)-IHC				>	>					14	No IL-1b mRNA or protein staining in NM patients; IL-1b protein staining was observed in infiltrating monocytes from NM-CNS patients; + correlation with TGF-b and TNF-a mRNA expression	Brown et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC			>		>					21	Parenchymal, intra- and perivascular staining; no IL-1b staining in SMA or NM-NCNS; staining in cerebellum > staining in cerebrum and brainstem	Armah et al., 2005, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF					=					84	CM patients: CSF < Serum	John et al., 2008, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			38	+ correlation with IL-10; - correlation with protein C	Vogetseder et al., 2004, Trop Med Int Health	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			>			>			>	97	endemic HC > non-endemic HC	Prakash et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum		=	=				=		<	748	SM = HC	Lyke et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	=					=		=		145	UM = AM	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Infect Immun	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						n.s.				217	- correlation with platelet count	John et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						=			=	209	N.I.	John et al., 2008, Cytokine	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum			<			<	=	=	>	179	CM = NM; SM/NCSM > NM; + correlation with serum IL-6 and TNF in all patient groups (UM, CM, and SMA) and with IL-10 and GM-CSF in UM and SMA patients (but not in CM patients)	Burté et al., 2013, Blood	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum (1 Plasmodium vivax)	Brain (PM)-IHC			>		>					7	CM(falciparum) > SM(vivax)	Maneerat et al., 1999, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health	Link
IL-1b	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									=	99	HC were the same patients 3 weeks after treatment	Abeles et al., 2013, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-1ra	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF					>					84	CM patients: CSF < Serum	John et al., 2008, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-1ra	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			>		>					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-1ra	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					>			>	133	N.I.	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
IL-1ra	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	=					>		=		252	UM > AM; + correlation with sTNF-R1, fever and deep coma score	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Infect Immun	Link
IL-1ra	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	>					>			>	209	Association with death from CM	John et al., 2008, Cytokine	Link
IL-1ra	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-1ra	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma								<		36	levels > 10,000 pg/mL in the only SM patient and 4 patients with severe meningococcal disease; P. falciparum > P. vivax; levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with sIL-2R	Bygbjerg et al., 1997, APMIS	Link
IL-1ra:IL-1b	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	n.s.					=			>	209	N.I.	John et al., 2008, Cytokine	Link
IL-2	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			<			<	=		>	97	CM > HC; endemic HC > non-endemic HC	Prakash et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-2	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-2	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	99	HC were the same patients 3 weeks after treatment	Abeles et al., 2013, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-2 mRNA	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood							<	=	n.s.	88	SM = HC	Lourembam et al., 2013, Cytokine	Link
IL-4	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC			<							7	N.I.	Maneerat et al., 1999, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health	Link
IL-4	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-4	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			=	=		=	98	non-endemic HC, UM, CM, NCSM = endemic HC	Duarte et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-4	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			=	=			97	UM = endemic HC > non-endemic HC	Prakash et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-4	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						=			=	86	N.I.	Baptista et al., 1997, Trop Med Int Health	Link
IL-4	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum			<			<	=	=	<	179	CM = NM; SM/NCSM = NM	Burté et al., 2013, Blood	Link
IL-4	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-4	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	99	HC were the same patients 3 weeks after treatment	Abeles et al., 2013, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-5	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Pages

(L-)Arginine
2,3-bisphospho-glycerate (BPG)
3-hydroxy-butyrate (3-OHB)
5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA)
a1-antitrypsin
a2-macroglobulin
Acetylhydrolase (AH) activity (PAF → lyso-PAF)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Activated protein C (aPC)
ADAMTS13 (activity)
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
Adiponectin
Alanine
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
ANG1
ANG2
ANG2:ANG1
Angiostatin
Anti-a-galactosyl IgG
Anti-dsDNA Ab
Anti-dsDNA IgG
Anti-nuclear Ab (ANA)
Anti-ribonucleo-protein (RNP) IgG
Anti-rosetting activity
Anti-ssDNA Ab
Anti-ssDNA IgG
Antithrombin-III (AT-III)
Apo A
Apo B
Arginase
Ascorbate
Ascorbic acid
Asparagine
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Assymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)
b-amyloid precursor protein (b-APP) (axons)
b2-glycoprotein 1 (Apo H)
Bicarbonate
Bicyclo-PGE2
Bicyclo-PGE2/ creatinine
Big endothelin-1 (bET1)
Bilirubin
Bilirubin (Bb)
Biopterin
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C-peptide
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)
C1q
C3
C4
C4d
C4d:C4
Calcium
Carboxyhemoglobin
CCL11 (Eotaxin)
CCL2 (MCP-1)
CCL3 (MIP-1a)
CCL4 (MIP-1b)
CCL5 (RANTES)
CCR1
CCR3
CCR5
CD23 (FceRII)
CD36
CD68
Cellular DNA strand break (apoptosis)
Chloride
Ciliary neutrophic factor (CNTF)
Circulating immune complexes (CIC)
Class I HLA
Cortisol
COX-1
COX-2
creatinin kinase muscle brain (CK-MB)
creatinine
CRP
CTGF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL10 (IP-10):PDGFbb
CXCL10 (IP-10):VEGF
CXCL11 (I-TAC)
CXCL12(a) (SDF-1)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL7 (NAP-2)
CXCL8 (IL-8)
CXCL8 (IL-8) mRNA
CXCL9 (MIG)
Cystatin C
Dihydrobiopterin (BH2)
E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E)
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
Endothelin-1 (Et-1)
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
Eosinophil protein X (EPX)
Epinephrine
EPO
Factor B
Factor II+VII+X
Factor IX
Factor V
Factor VIII
Factor XII
Factor XIII
Ferritin
FFA
FGF basic protein
Fibrin
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen leakage
Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)
G-CSF
Glucagon
Glucose
Glutamic acid
Glycerol
Glycine
Glycine-rich b-glycoprotein (GBG)
GM-CSF
Haptoglobin
HDL-cholesterol
HDL:total cholesterol
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP)
Hepcidin
His:ΣNAA (%)
Histamine
Histidine
HMGB1
HMW-kininogen
HO-1
Human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL)
iC3
iC3:C3
ICAM-1 (CD54)
IFN-g
IFN-g mRNA
IgA-immune complexes (IC)
IgE against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgE-immune complexes (IC)
IgG against a-galactosyl
IgG against b-tubulin 3 (TBB3) (brain)
IgG against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG against C2 fragment of RAP1
IgG against cardiolipin (CL)
IgG against conserved C-terminal ATS domain of PfEMP-1
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP119
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP142
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP2 (K1 17/14)
IgG against conserved N-terminal block 1 region of MSP1
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2 (FC27-type protein T9/105 12/6)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2A (IC1/3D7-type protein T9/96 13/14)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2B (GF/88)
IgG against full-length FC27-type protein or against polymorphic regions of MSP2
IgG against g-aminobutyric acid synthesizing enzyme (GAD)
IgG against highly conserved N-terminal DBL-1a domains of PfEMP-1
IgG against MSP3
IgG against MSPall (MSP119+ MSP2A + MSP2B)
IgG against muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
IgG against N-terminus of SERA5 (SE36)
IgG against non-erythroid spectrin (a and b) (brain)
IgG against non-infected RBC protein extract
IgG against P-/Q- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC)
IgG against PfEMP-13D7
IgG against phosphatidylcholine (PC)
IgG against phosphatidylinositol (PI)
IgG against Plasmodial GPI
IgG against rifin (rif-29)
IgG against rifin (rif-29, -40, -44, -50)
IgG against the ectodomein of AMA1
IgG against total brain protein extract
IgG against voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC)
IgG against VSA
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1 (RO33 type)
IgG anti-IgE
IgG-immune complexes (IC)
IgG1 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG1 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG1,IgG3 against GLURP (R0 and R2)
IgG1-immune complexes (IC)
IgG2 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG2 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG2-immune complexes (IC)
IgG3 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG3 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG3-immune complexes (IC)
IgG4 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG4 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG4-immune complexes (IC)
IgG:IgE
IgM against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgM against PC
IgM against PI
IgM against Plasmodial GPI
IgM against total brain protein extract
IL-1
IL-10
IL-10 mRNA
IL-10:IL-12
IL-10:TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12a mRNA
IL-12p40
IL-12p40/p70
IL-12p70
IL-13
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18 mRNA
IL-1a
IL-1b
IL-1ra
IL-1ra:IL-1b
IL-2
IL-2 mRNA
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-6:IL-10
IL-6Rb (gp130)
IL-7
IL-9
Inorganic phosphate
Insulin
Isoleucine
Kallikrein inhibitor
Kininase I
Kynurenic acid (KA)
L-arg:ADMA
L-arg:ornithine
L-Phenylalanine
Lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate:pyruvate
LDL-cholesterol
Leucine
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
LT
Lysine
Lyso-platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF)
Lysozyme
m-(mu)Calpain (I)
m-Calpain (II)
Macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)
Magnesium
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
Methemoglobin
Methionine
Microparticles (endothelial cell-derived)
Microparticles (erythrocyte-derived)
Microparticles (platelet-derived)
Microparticles (total)
MIF
MMP-1
MMP-8
MMP-9
Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14, S100A9)
Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8, S100A8)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Myoglobin
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)
Neopterin
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)
Norepinephrine
NOS
NOS2
O2-carrying capacity
Occludin
Ornithine
Parasite-spec IgA
Parasite-spec IgE
Parasite-spec IgG
Parasite-spec IgG1
Parasite-spec IgG2
Parasite-spec IgG3
Parasite-spec IgG4
Parasite-spec IgM
PC inhibitor-1 (PCI-1)
PDGFbb
PECAM-1 (CD31)
Phe:ΣNAA (%)
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
Picolinic acid (PA)
Plasminogen
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Platelet activating factor (PAF)
Potassium
Prekallikrein
Protein C (PC)
Protein S
Prothrombin fragment F1+2 : activated protein C (aPC)
Prothrombin time (PT)
QA:KA
QA:PA
Quinolinic acid (QA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)
RNI: TNF-a
S100B (astrocytes)
SC5b-9 (MAC)
sCD14
sCD21
sCD21:sCD23
sCD23
sCD4
sCD8
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)
sEndothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
sEng (sCD105, sTGF-bRIII)
Serine
sFas
sFas:PDGFbb
sFas:VEGF
sFasL
sGranzyme A
sGranzyme B
Sialoadhesin (SA)
sICAM-1 (sCD54)
SIG (strong ion gap → un-measured anions)
sIL-2R (CD25)
sIL-4R
sIL-6R
sL-selectin (sCD62L)
sLaminin
Sodium
sP-selectin (sCD62P)
sThrombomodulin (sTM)
sTissue factor (sTF)
sTNF-R1
sTNF-R2
sTNF-R2: PDGFbb
sTNF-R2:VEGF
sTransferrin receptor (sTfR)
suPAR
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)
sVEGFR1
sVEGFR2
Symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA)
Tau (axons)
Taurine
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
TGF-b mRNA
TGF-b1
TGF-b1:IL-12
TGF-b1:TNF-a
TGF-b2
TGF-b3
Threonine
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)
Thrombomodulin (TM)
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)
TIMP-1
TIMP-2
Tissue factor (TF)
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
TLR2
TLR4
TLR9
TNF
TNF mRNA
TNF-a
TNF-a:IL-10
TNF-a:sTNF-R1
TNF-a:sTNF-R1/2
TNF-a:sTNF-R2
TNF:IL-10
Total cholesterol
Total IgA
Total IgE
Total IgE:sCD23
Total IgG
Total IgM
Total kininogen
Transferrin
Triglycerides
Trp:ΣNAA (%)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Tyr:Phe (%)
Tyr:ΣNAA (%)
Tyrosine
uPAR
Urea
Uric acid
Valine
VCAM-1 (CD106)
VEGF
VEGFR1
Vinculin
vWF
vWF activation factors
vWF propeptide
vWF(:Ag)
vWF(CB:Ag)
ZO-1

Asian, African and Caucasian travelers
Bangladesh
Brazil
Britain, Ghana
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (Mossi etnic group)
Burundi
Burundi, Congo, France
Cameroon
Canada
China
Congo
Denmark
Ethiopia
European travelers
European travelers, Africa
France
Gabon
Ghana
Ghana and travelers of mixed origin
Guinea-Bissau
India
India
Indonesia
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Kenya vs European and Kenyan Con
Kenya vs European Con
Kenya vs USA Con
Madagascar
Madagascar, France
Malawi
Malawi vs European Con
Mali
Mixed group
Mixed origin with mixed malaria species
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nigeria
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Senegal
Solomon Island
South Africa
Sri Lanka
St. Tomé
Sudan
Sudan, Ethiopia
Tanzania
Thailand
Thailand, Tanzania
The Gambia
The Gambia vs European Con
The Gambia vs Giambian and European Con
Uganda
Uganda vs American Con
Vietnam
Vietnam vs European Con
Vietnam vs Vietnamese and European Con
Vietnam, Myanmar
Yemen
Zambia