Human data

Expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, adhesion molecules, angiogenic and coagulation factors, metabolic molecules, etc. in different organs e.g. serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and postmortem (PM) brains, are compared between several patient groups according to severity and complication [e.g. lethal (†) versus non-lethal cerebral malaria (CM), CM versus uncomplicated malaria (UM), severe malaria (SM)/non-cerebral severe malaria (NCSM) versus UM, UM versus healthy controls (HC)]. Information on the country, transmission level, parasite species, adult versus pediatric patients, patient number, additional clinical or correlation data, references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included for each molecule listed in the database.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: AM, asymptomatic malaria; N.I., not indicated; NM, non-malaria patients; NM-CNS, NM patients with involvement of the central nervous system; NM-NCNS, NM patients without CNS involvement; n.s., not significant; >, higher levels than; <, lower levels than; =, similar levels; ≤, lower or similar levels than; >*, when adjusted for interactions with other complications (multivariate analysis), the association looses it's significance

	Select	Field
	Full
	Molecular group
	Molecule/Cell
	Plasmodium strain
	Organ
	Population
	Transmission
	Adult/Pediatric
	CM† vs CM
	SM† vs SM
	CM vs NCSM
	CM vs NM-CNS
	CM vs NM-NCNS
	CM vs UM
	SM/NCSM vs UM
	UM vs NM
	UM vs HC
	Patient number
	Additional differences
	Refs
	PubMed

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Organ	CM† vs CM	SM† vs SM	CM vs NCSM	CM vs NM-CNS	CM vs NM-NCNS	CM vs UM	SM/NCSM vs UM	UM vs NM	UM vs HC	Patient number	Additional differences	Refs	PubMed
IL-5	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			<	<		>	97	N.I.	Prakash et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-5	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-5	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	99	HC were the same patients 3 weeks after treatment	Abeles et al., 2013, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF					>					84	CM patients: CSF < Serum	John et al., 2008, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								236	CM + RD, hyperparasitemia/prostration > RD; + correlation with plasma IL-10	English et al., 1997, QJM	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										58	CM, NCSM > HC	Larkin et al., 2009 PLoS Pathog	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=	=		97	N.I.	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		>	56	SM > HC	Löwenberg et al., 2010, Thromb Heamost	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					=			>	86	N.I.	Baptista et al., 1997, Trop Med Int Health	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			>			<	<		>	97	endemic HC < non-endemic HC	Prakash et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								41	3 days after treatment: levels ↓ in survivors but not in patients who died with SM† > SM	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			38	Levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with IL-10; - correlation with protein C	Vogetseder et al., 2004, Trop Med Int Health	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										47	SM > HC; + correlation with Bb	Wenisch et al., 1997, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										54	SM > NM, HC; no correlation with big endothelin-1	Wenisch et al., 1996, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=							48	SM > HC; plasma levels ↓ during treatment	Wenisch et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>	<*							287	cerebral symptoms < cerebral symptoms + coma + MOD; + correlation with IL-10, venous lactate, standard base deficit, respiratory rate and parasite count; high levels associated with hyperparasitemia, jaundice and hemodynamic shock	Day et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	16	N.I.	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			145	+ correlation with body temperature	Perera et al., 2013, Pathog Glob Health	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma/Serum			=			<	≤	>	>	179	Plasma: SMA < UM; serum: SMA = UM; CM = NM/HC; SMA > NM/HC; + correlation with serum IL-1b, GM-CSF and TNF in all patient groups (UM, CM, and SMA) and with IL-10 in UM and SMA patients (but not in CM patients)	Burté et al., 2013, Blood	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum		=	>				>		>	748	N.I.	Lyke et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	>					=			>	242	CM > AM	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Infect Immun	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	39	+ correlation with serum TNF-a and fever	Clark et al., 1992, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	>					=			>	217	- correlation with platelet count	John et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										83	SM > HC; plasma levels ↓ after treatment; + correlation with sCD14	Wenisch et al., 1996, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	53	P. falciparum (UM + 3SM), P. vivax > HC; - correlation with ADAMTS13 activity and platelet count	De Mast et al., 2009, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	99	HC were the same patients 3 weeks after treatment; nontransmitters >(ns) transmitters	Abeles et al., 2013, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
IL-6	Plasmodium vivax	Serum									>	41	Thrombocytopenic patients > non-thrombocytopenic patients; - correlation with platelet counts	Coelho et al., 2013, PLoS One	Link
IL-6:IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>	<							287	N.I.	Day et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-6:IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum		=								748	N.I.	Lyke et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
IL-6Rb (gp130)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=							48	SM = HC	Wenisch et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
IL-7	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-7	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-9	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
IL-9	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
Inorganic phosphate	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								268	+ correlation with strong ion gap (representing unmeasured anions)	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link
Insulin	N.I.	Serum										186	SM = NM	Kawo et al., 1990, Lancet	Link
Insulin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						=			=	25	N.I.	Blümer et al., 2005, Metabolism	Link
Insulin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										13	CM = HC	Van Thien et al., 2001, QJM	Link
Insulin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									=	16	N.I.	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
Isoleucine	N.I.	Plasma						=			=	126	N.I.	Lopansri et al., 2006, Infect Immun	Link
Isoleucine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Kallikrein inhibitor	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma										12	P. vivax = HC	Roy et al., 1988, Indian J Malariol	Link
Kininase I	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma										12	P. vivax > HC	Roy et al., 1988, Indian J Malariol	Link
Kynurenic acid (KA)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF		=	=							281	SM = NM-NCNS	Medana et al., 2002, J Infect Dis	Link
Kynurenic acid (KA)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF						>				120	KA malawian children with CM > KA vietnamese adults with SM; + correlation with fever duration and AST; - correlation with hematocrit	Medana et al., 2003, J Infect Dis	Link
L-arg:ADMA	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<		<	146	Levels ↑ after start of treatment (SM survivors)	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
L-arg:ornithine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		=	147	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2007, J Exp Med	Link
L-Phenylalanine	N.I.	Plasma	>						>		>	156	N.I.	Lopansri et al., 2006, Infect Immun	Link
L-Phenylalanine	N.I.	Plasma						>			>	126	N.I.	Lopansri et al., 2006, Infect Immun	Link
L-Phenylalanine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) > HC; CM = hyperparasitemia, CM > NCSM patients with premedication with folate; similar apparent Km and ↑ (calculated) brain uptake by BBB transporter for malaria group compared with HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Lactate	N.I.	Blood										186	SM > NM	Kawo et al., 1990, Lancet	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood		>								115	Levels ↓ rapidly in survivors whereas levels ↓ slowly or even ↑ in fatal cases; concentrations between 4h and 24h were good predictors of a fatal outcome; + correlation with mortality, pyruvate concentrations, CSF lactate concentrations, blood TNF-a and IL-1a; - correlation with blood glucose concentration and clinical parameters of recovery; logistic regression indicated venous lactate ≥ 5 mmol/L (for CM CSF lactate > 4.5 mmol/L) as an independently predictive of fatal outcome	Krishna et al., 1994, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood							>			118	SM > NM; - correlation with coma score and fatal outcome	Agbenyega et al., 1997, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood							>			97	levels ↓ during treatment; - correlation with improvement of endothelial function (RH-PAT index)	Yeo et al., 2008, J Infect Dis	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood										69	SM > HC (recoverd from UM)	Sasi et al., 2007, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF		>								281	+ correlation with jaundice, shock, renal failure and pulmonary edema	Medana et al., 2002, J Infect Dis	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF		>								18	N.I.	Agbenyega et al., 1997, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF										23	CM patients had ↑ levels during coma on admission compared with after recovery from coma	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								306	SM† > SMseq; CM + RD, RD > CM, hyperparasitemia/prostration	English et al., 1997, QJM	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								400	Hyperlactatemia is a good predictor of a fatal outcome; + correlation with heart rate, NT-proBNT, H-FABP, myoglobin; - correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure	Ehrhardt et al., 2005, Microbes Infect	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=							253	N.I.	Hollestelle et al., 2006, Br J Haematol	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			147	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2007, J Exp Med	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								24	N.I.	Dondorp et al., 1998, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			127	+ correlation with ADMA and SDMA	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								268	N.I.	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										35	SM > HC	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
Lactate	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										13	CM > HC	Van Thien et al., 2001, QJM	Link
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF				<	>					46	CSF:serum LDH ratio was significantly ↑ in CM patients compared to NM-NCNS patients	Jakka et al., 2006, Cerebrospinal Fluid Res	Link
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>					>		>	147	SM > HC; + correlation with plasma arginase activity, sICAM-1 and sE-selectin	Yeo et al., 2007, J Exp Med	Link
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			97	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2008, J Infect Dis	Link
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										46	CM = NM (NM patients with viral encephalitis = NM patients without); CSF/serum LDH ratio was significantly ↑ in CM patients compared to NM patients without viral encephalitis	Jakka et al., 2006, Cerebrospinal Fluid Res	Link
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	152	N.I.	Garba et al., 2005, Singapore Med J	Link
Lactate:pyruvate	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF		=	=							281	Elevated in all studied groups	Medana et al., 2002, J Infect Dis	Link
LDL-cholesterol	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									=	74	N.I.	Djoumessi et al., 1989, Pathol Biol (Paris)	Link
LDL-cholesterol	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										35	SM < HC	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
LDL-cholesterol	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Serum									<	28	P. falciparum = P. vivax; + correlation with plasma lyso-PAF	Davis et al., 1993, J Infect	Link
LDL-cholesterol	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale	Plasma									<	16	Levels were normalized at follow-up after 2 weeks	Nilsson-Ehle et al., 1990, J Intern Med	Link
Leucine	N.I.	Plasma						>			=	126	N.I.	Lopansri et al., 2006, Infect Immun	Link
Leucine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=							48	CM = RF = NCSM = HC; - correlation with parasitemia, TNF-a, sTNFR1 and IL-6; + correlation with platelet count and fever before treatment	Wenisch et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
LT	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=	>		97	N.I.	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
LT	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	39	N.I.	Clark et al., 1992, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
Lysine	N.I.	Plasma						=			<	126	N.I.	Lopansri et al., 2006, Infect Immun	Link
Lysine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Lyso-platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										35	SM < HC; levels increased during therapy for CM patients; - correlation with parasitemia and serum triglyceride concentration	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
Lyso-platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									<	28	P. falciparum = P. vivax; + correlation with serum total, LDL and HDL cholesterol	Davis et al., 1993, J Infect	Link
Lysozyme	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma							>	=		65	+ correlation with HNL	Mohammed et al., 2003, Acta Trop	Link
m-(mu)Calpain (I)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC										41	Axons: SM = NM-CNS → extent and distribution staining differed; + correlation with b-APP; Neurons: SM > NM-NCNS (nuclear staining); CM = NCSM = NM-CNS; Glia: CM > NCSM = NM-NCNS = NM-CNS; Endothelial cells: CM = NCSM = NM-CNS	Medana et al., 2007, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol	Link
m-Calpain (II)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC										41	Axons: SM = NM-CNS → extent and distribution staining differed; + correlation with b-APP; Neurons: SM > NM-NCNS (diffuse cytoplasmic staining); CM = NCSM = NM-CNS; Endothelial cells: CM = NCSM = NM-CNS	Medana et al., 2007, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol	Link
Macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC			=		>					24	N.I.	Brown et al., 1999, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol	Link
Magnesium	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								268	N.I.	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			200	Incidence of low MBL and corresponding mutations in MBL gene: SM>UM	Luty et al., 1998, J Infect Dis	Link
Methemoglobin	Plasmodium falciparum	Finger pulse co-oximeter measurement		>					=	=	>	117	SM = NM	Yeo et al., 2013, J Infect Dis	Link
Methionine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Microparticles (endothelial cell-derived)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			>	>		n.s.	158	CM, SM > HC; (partial) normalisation at patient discharge; + correlation with TNF	Sahu et al., 2013, Inf. Immun.; also Sahu et al., 2013, Human Immunol	Link
Microparticles (erythrocyte-derived)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			>	>		n.s.	158	CM, SM > HC; (partial) normalisation at patient discharge; + correlation with parasite density and TNF; - correlation with hemoglobin and erythrocyte count	Sahu et al., 2013, Inf. Immun.; also Sahu et al., 2013, Human Immunol	Link
Microparticles (platelet-derived)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			>	>		n.s.	158	CM, SM > HC; (partial) normalisation at patient discharge; - correlation with platelet count; + correlation with TNF	Sahu et al., 2013, Inf. Immun.; also Sahu et al., 2013, Human Immunol	Link
Microparticles (total)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			>	>		n.s.	158	CM, SM > HC; The -477C/T and -320G/C ABCA1 promoter polymorhisms are associated with an increase in plasma microparticle numbers and with susceptibility to SM; (partial) normalisation at patient discharge; + correlation with parasite density; - correlation with hemoglobin	Sahu et al., 2013, Inf. Immun.; also Sahu et al., 2013, Human Immunol	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Pages

(L-)Arginine
2,3-bisphospho-glycerate (BPG)
3-hydroxy-butyrate (3-OHB)
5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA)
a1-antitrypsin
a2-macroglobulin
Acetylhydrolase (AH) activity (PAF → lyso-PAF)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Activated protein C (aPC)
ADAMTS13 (activity)
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
Adiponectin
Alanine
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
ANG1
ANG2
ANG2:ANG1
Angiostatin
Anti-a-galactosyl IgG
Anti-dsDNA Ab
Anti-dsDNA IgG
Anti-nuclear Ab (ANA)
Anti-ribonucleo-protein (RNP) IgG
Anti-rosetting activity
Anti-ssDNA Ab
Anti-ssDNA IgG
Antithrombin-III (AT-III)
Apo A
Apo B
Arginase
Ascorbate
Ascorbic acid
Asparagine
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Assymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)
b-amyloid precursor protein (b-APP) (axons)
b2-glycoprotein 1 (Apo H)
Bicarbonate
Bicyclo-PGE2
Bicyclo-PGE2/ creatinine
Big endothelin-1 (bET1)
Bilirubin
Bilirubin (Bb)
Biopterin
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C-peptide
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)
C1q
C3
C4
C4d
C4d:C4
Calcium
Carboxyhemoglobin
CCL11 (Eotaxin)
CCL2 (MCP-1)
CCL3 (MIP-1a)
CCL4 (MIP-1b)
CCL5 (RANTES)
CCR1
CCR3
CCR5
CD23 (FceRII)
CD36
CD68
Cellular DNA strand break (apoptosis)
Chloride
Ciliary neutrophic factor (CNTF)
Circulating immune complexes (CIC)
Class I HLA
Cortisol
COX-1
COX-2
creatinin kinase muscle brain (CK-MB)
creatinine
CRP
CTGF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL10 (IP-10):PDGFbb
CXCL10 (IP-10):VEGF
CXCL11 (I-TAC)
CXCL12(a) (SDF-1)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL7 (NAP-2)
CXCL8 (IL-8)
CXCL8 (IL-8) mRNA
CXCL9 (MIG)
Cystatin C
Dihydrobiopterin (BH2)
E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E)
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
Endothelin-1 (Et-1)
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
Eosinophil protein X (EPX)
Epinephrine
EPO
Factor B
Factor II+VII+X
Factor IX
Factor V
Factor VIII
Factor XII
Factor XIII
Ferritin
FFA
FGF basic protein
Fibrin
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen leakage
Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)
G-CSF
Glucagon
Glucose
Glutamic acid
Glycerol
Glycine
Glycine-rich b-glycoprotein (GBG)
GM-CSF
Haptoglobin
HDL-cholesterol
HDL:total cholesterol
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP)
Hepcidin
His:ΣNAA (%)
Histamine
Histidine
HMGB1
HMW-kininogen
HO-1
Human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL)
iC3
iC3:C3
ICAM-1 (CD54)
IFN-g
IFN-g mRNA
IgA-immune complexes (IC)
IgE against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgE-immune complexes (IC)
IgG against a-galactosyl
IgG against b-tubulin 3 (TBB3) (brain)
IgG against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG against C2 fragment of RAP1
IgG against cardiolipin (CL)
IgG against conserved C-terminal ATS domain of PfEMP-1
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP119
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP142
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP2 (K1 17/14)
IgG against conserved N-terminal block 1 region of MSP1
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2 (FC27-type protein T9/105 12/6)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2A (IC1/3D7-type protein T9/96 13/14)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2B (GF/88)
IgG against full-length FC27-type protein or against polymorphic regions of MSP2
IgG against g-aminobutyric acid synthesizing enzyme (GAD)
IgG against highly conserved N-terminal DBL-1a domains of PfEMP-1
IgG against MSP3
IgG against MSPall (MSP119+ MSP2A + MSP2B)
IgG against muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
IgG against N-terminus of SERA5 (SE36)
IgG against non-erythroid spectrin (a and b) (brain)
IgG against non-infected RBC protein extract
IgG against P-/Q- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC)
IgG against PfEMP-13D7
IgG against phosphatidylcholine (PC)
IgG against phosphatidylinositol (PI)
IgG against Plasmodial GPI
IgG against rifin (rif-29)
IgG against rifin (rif-29, -40, -44, -50)
IgG against the ectodomein of AMA1
IgG against total brain protein extract
IgG against voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC)
IgG against VSA
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1 (RO33 type)
IgG anti-IgE
IgG-immune complexes (IC)
IgG1 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG1 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG1,IgG3 against GLURP (R0 and R2)
IgG1-immune complexes (IC)
IgG2 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG2 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG2-immune complexes (IC)
IgG3 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG3 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG3-immune complexes (IC)
IgG4 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG4 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG4-immune complexes (IC)
IgG:IgE
IgM against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgM against PC
IgM against PI
IgM against Plasmodial GPI
IgM against total brain protein extract
IL-1
IL-10
IL-10 mRNA
IL-10:IL-12
IL-10:TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12a mRNA
IL-12p40
IL-12p40/p70
IL-12p70
IL-13
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18 mRNA
IL-1a
IL-1b
IL-1ra
IL-1ra:IL-1b
IL-2
IL-2 mRNA
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-6:IL-10
IL-6Rb (gp130)
IL-7
IL-9
Inorganic phosphate
Insulin
Isoleucine
Kallikrein inhibitor
Kininase I
Kynurenic acid (KA)
L-arg:ADMA
L-arg:ornithine
L-Phenylalanine
Lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate:pyruvate
LDL-cholesterol
Leucine
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
LT
Lysine
Lyso-platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF)
Lysozyme
m-(mu)Calpain (I)
m-Calpain (II)
Macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)
Magnesium
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
Methemoglobin
Methionine
Microparticles (endothelial cell-derived)
Microparticles (erythrocyte-derived)
Microparticles (platelet-derived)
Microparticles (total)
MIF
MMP-1
MMP-8
MMP-9
Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14, S100A9)
Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8, S100A8)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Myoglobin
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)
Neopterin
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)
Norepinephrine
NOS
NOS2
O2-carrying capacity
Occludin
Ornithine
Parasite-spec IgA
Parasite-spec IgE
Parasite-spec IgG
Parasite-spec IgG1
Parasite-spec IgG2
Parasite-spec IgG3
Parasite-spec IgG4
Parasite-spec IgM
PC inhibitor-1 (PCI-1)
PDGFbb
PECAM-1 (CD31)
Phe:ΣNAA (%)
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
Picolinic acid (PA)
Plasminogen
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Platelet activating factor (PAF)
Potassium
Prekallikrein
Protein C (PC)
Protein S
Prothrombin fragment F1+2 : activated protein C (aPC)
Prothrombin time (PT)
QA:KA
QA:PA
Quinolinic acid (QA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)
RNI: TNF-a
S100B (astrocytes)
SC5b-9 (MAC)
sCD14
sCD21
sCD21:sCD23
sCD23
sCD4
sCD8
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)
sEndothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
sEng (sCD105, sTGF-bRIII)
Serine
sFas
sFas:PDGFbb
sFas:VEGF
sFasL
sGranzyme A
sGranzyme B
Sialoadhesin (SA)
sICAM-1 (sCD54)
SIG (strong ion gap → un-measured anions)
sIL-2R (CD25)
sIL-4R
sIL-6R
sL-selectin (sCD62L)
sLaminin
Sodium
sP-selectin (sCD62P)
sThrombomodulin (sTM)
sTissue factor (sTF)
sTNF-R1
sTNF-R2
sTNF-R2: PDGFbb
sTNF-R2:VEGF
sTransferrin receptor (sTfR)
suPAR
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)
sVEGFR1
sVEGFR2
Symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA)
Tau (axons)
Taurine
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
TGF-b mRNA
TGF-b1
TGF-b1:IL-12
TGF-b1:TNF-a
TGF-b2
TGF-b3
Threonine
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)
Thrombomodulin (TM)
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)
TIMP-1
TIMP-2
Tissue factor (TF)
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
TLR2
TLR4
TLR9
TNF
TNF mRNA
TNF-a
TNF-a:IL-10
TNF-a:sTNF-R1
TNF-a:sTNF-R1/2
TNF-a:sTNF-R2
TNF:IL-10
Total cholesterol
Total IgA
Total IgE
Total IgE:sCD23
Total IgG
Total IgM
Total kininogen
Transferrin
Triglycerides
Trp:ΣNAA (%)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Tyr:Phe (%)
Tyr:ΣNAA (%)
Tyrosine
uPAR
Urea
Uric acid
Valine
VCAM-1 (CD106)
VEGF
VEGFR1
Vinculin
vWF
vWF activation factors
vWF propeptide
vWF(:Ag)
vWF(CB:Ag)
ZO-1

Asian, African and Caucasian travelers
Bangladesh
Brazil
Britain, Ghana
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (Mossi etnic group)
Burundi
Burundi, Congo, France
Cameroon
Canada
China
Congo
Denmark
Ethiopia
European travelers
European travelers, Africa
France
Gabon
Ghana
Ghana and travelers of mixed origin
Guinea-Bissau
India
India
Indonesia
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Kenya vs European and Kenyan Con
Kenya vs European Con
Kenya vs USA Con
Madagascar
Madagascar, France
Malawi
Malawi vs European Con
Mali
Mixed group
Mixed origin with mixed malaria species
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nigeria
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Senegal
Solomon Island
South Africa
Sri Lanka
St. Tomé
Sudan
Sudan, Ethiopia
Tanzania
Thailand
Thailand, Tanzania
The Gambia
The Gambia vs European Con
The Gambia vs Giambian and European Con
Uganda
Uganda vs American Con
Vietnam
Vietnam vs European Con
Vietnam vs Vietnamese and European Con
Vietnam, Myanmar
Yemen
Zambia