|
Uric acid |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
555 |
Before episode < during episode > after episode; + correlation with sICAM-1 and sTM in UM |
Mita-Mendoza et al., 2013, PLoS One |
Link |
|
Valine |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
Malaria (UM + CM) = HC |
Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM |
Link |
|
VCAM-1 (CD106) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
= |
|
> |
|
|
|
|
21 |
+ correlation with sequestration of pRBC; only vascular staining; receptor staining also in vessels without pRBC sequestration → receptor upregulation is not solely the result of pRBC binding to a specific EC, but more likely the result of systemically produced soluble mediators; also pRBC sequestration without receptor expression; receptor staining and pRBC sequestration in cerebellum > receptor staining and pRBC sequestration in cerebrum and brainstem |
Armah et al., 2005, Ann Trop Med Parasitol |
Link |
|
VCAM-1 (CD106) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
|
|
18 |
No staining in brains from patients who died from NM causes |
Ockenhouse et al., 1992, J Exp Med |
Link |
|
VEGF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM) |
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
|
|
13 |
staining in BBB-forming astrocytes |
Deininger et al., 2003, J Neuroimmunol |
Link |
|
VEGF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF |
= |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
124 |
CMseq = CMnseq; Plasma VEGF was associated with seizures during admission, with risk for intracranial pressure and with pappiloedema, + correlation with Plasma TNF-a and - correlation with Plasma EPO |
Casals-Pascual et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Link |
|
VEGF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
CSF (PM) |
|
|
= |
|
= |
|
|
|
|
19 |
N.I. |
Armah et al., 2007, Malar J |
Link |
|
VEGF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
= |
|
|
555 |
Before episode = during episode = after episode |
Mita-Mendoza et al., 2013, PLoS One |
Link |
|
VEGF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
= |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
124 |
CMseq = CMnseq; plasma VEGF was associated with seizures during admission, with risk for intracranial pressure, with pappiloedema, + correlation with plasma TNF-a and - correlation with plasma EPO |
Casals-Pascual et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Link |
|
VEGF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
< |
|
|
|
|
= |
|
|
= |
133 |
N.I. |
Jain et al., 2008, Malar J |
Link |
|
VEGF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
< |
|
= |
146 |
- correlation with lactate, ANG2, HRP2 and sE-selectin |
Yeo et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Link |
|
VEGF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Platelet-poor plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52 |
Malaria (SM + UM) = HC; + correlation with plasma ANG1, sP-selectin, and CXCL7 (NAP-2) |
Brouwers et al., 2012, PLoS One |
Link |
|
VEGF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Serum (PM) |
|
|
= |
|
= |
|
|
|
|
19 |
N.I. |
Armah et al., 2007, Malar J |
Link |
|
VEGF |
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
> |
114 |
P. falciparum = P. vivax; NM = HC; no difference between races; levels returned to normal after treatment; VEGF was observed in supernatants of HMC-1 and KU812 cells (human mast cells) after stimulation with P. vivax or P. falciparum crude antigens |
Furuta et al., 2010, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
VEGFR1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM) |
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|
|
|
13 |
paracellular deposits in Dürck's granuloma's, no staining if no Dürck's granulomas are present |
Deininger et al., 2003, J Neuroimmunol |
Link |
|
Vinculin |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
< |
|
< |
|
|
|
|
24 |
NCSM = NM-NCNS |
Brown et al., 1999, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol |
Link |
|
vWF |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
|
|
= |
|
|
|
|
18 |
N.I. |
Turner et al., 1994, Am J Pathol |
Link |
|
vWF activation factors |
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
53 |
P. falciparum (UM + 3SM) > P. vivax = HC; - correlation with ADAMTS13:Ag and platelet counts |
De Mast et al., 2009, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
vWF propeptide |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
> |
|
|
> |
= |
> |
> |
253 |
+ correlation with lactate; mean propeptide concentration normalized 72h after start treatment |
Hollestelle et al., 2006, Br J Haematol |
Link |
|
vWF propeptide |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
= |
|
> |
56 |
SM > HC; - correlation with thrombocyte number |
Löwenberg et al., 2010, Thromb Heamost |
Link |
|
vWF(:Ag) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
= |
|
|
= |
= |
> |
> |
253 |
↑vWF measured in plasma was from EC origin; mean vWF concentration ↓ 72h after start treatment but remained higher than in controls |
Hollestelle et al., 2006, Br J Haematol |
Link |
|
vWF(:Ag) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
= |
|
|
|
|
|
|
58 |
CM = NCSM > HC; ↑ vWF collagen binding activity in CM and NCSM patients compared to HC that ↓ 72h after start treatment; presence of abnormal ultra-large (UL) vWF multimers (not in HC) |
Larkin et al., 2009 PLoS Pathog |
Link |
|
vWF(:Ag) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
> |
56 |
+ correlation with thrombocytopenia; presence of abnormal ultra-large (UL) vWF multimers (in some patients from all groups) |
Löwenberg et al., 2010, Thromb Heamost |
Link |
|
vWF(:Ag) |
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
53 |
P. falciparum (UM + 3SM) = P. vivax > HC; P. falciparum patients had ultra-large (UL)-vWF in plasma; - correlation with ADAMTS13:Ag |
De Mast et al., 2009, Am J Trop Med Hyg |
Link |
|
vWF(CB:Ag) |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Plasma |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
58 |
CM, NCSM > HC |
Larkin et al., 2009 PLoS Pathog |
Link |
|
ZO-1 |
Plasmodium falciparum |
Brain (PM)-IHC |
|
|
< |
|
< |
|
|
|
|
24 |
NCSM = NM-NCNS |
Brown et al., 1999, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol |
Link |