Human data

Expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, adhesion molecules, angiogenic and coagulation factors, metabolic molecules, etc. in different organs e.g. serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and postmortem (PM) brains, are compared between several patient groups according to severity and complication [e.g. lethal (†) versus non-lethal cerebral malaria (CM), CM versus uncomplicated malaria (UM), severe malaria (SM)/non-cerebral severe malaria (NCSM) versus UM, UM versus healthy controls (HC)]. Information on the country, transmission level, parasite species, adult versus pediatric patients, patient number, additional clinical or correlation data, references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included for each molecule listed in the database.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: AM, asymptomatic malaria; N.I., not indicated; NM, non-malaria patients; NM-CNS, NM patients with involvement of the central nervous system; NM-NCNS, NM patients without CNS involvement; n.s., not significant; >, higher levels than; <, lower levels than; =, similar levels; ≤, lower or similar levels than; >*, when adjusted for interactions with other complications (multivariate analysis), the association looses it's significance

	Select	Field
	Full
	Molecular group
	Molecule/Cell
	Plasmodium strain
	Organ
	Population
	Transmission
	Adult/Pediatric
	CM† vs CM
	SM† vs SM
	CM vs NCSM
	CM vs NM-CNS
	CM vs NM-NCNS
	CM vs UM
	SM/NCSM vs UM
	UM vs NM
	UM vs HC
	Patient number
	Additional differences
	Refs
	PubMed

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Organ	CM† vs CM	SM† vs SM	CM vs NCSM	CM vs NM-CNS	CM vs NM-NCNS	CM vs UM	SM/NCSM vs UM	UM vs NM	UM vs HC	Patient number	Additional differences	Refs	PubMed
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	>									124	CM† > CMnseq > CMseq	Casals-Pascual et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	=				=					17	N.I.	Grau et al., 1989, N Engl J Med	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								115	Levels did not significantly change during the first 24h; logistic regression indicated TNF-a levels > 300 pg/mL as an independently predictive of fatal outcome; + correlation with admission venous lactate concentrations, and blood IL-1a; - correlation with blood glucose concentration (not independently of hyperlactatemia)	Krishna et al., 1994, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							n.s.		>	129	NCSM > HC	Perkins et al., 2001, J Infect Dis	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					>				52	CMseq = CMnseq; correlation with fever, parasitemia, plasma lactate, fever resolution time and parasite clearance time	Molyneux et al., 1993, Cytokine	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										48	Malaria (NCSM + UM) > HC (patients in the convalescent phase of malaria)	Awandare et al., 2006, Clin Immunol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	138	CMseq/CM† > CMnseq = UM > AM, HC	Anstey et al., 1996, J Exp Med	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	16	N.I.	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		>	86	SM > HC; sepsis = SM, UM; sepsis > HC (after correction for multiple comparison sepsis = HC)	Turner et al., 1998, Am J Pathol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			>			>	=		>	98	NCSM, UM > endemic HC > non-endemic HC; + correlation with plasma total IgE	Duarte et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						=				25	CM + UM > HC	Blümer et al., 2005, Metabolism	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					=			>	86	N.I.	Baptista et al., 1997, Trop Med Int Health	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										13	CM > HC	Van Thien et al., 2001, QJM	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										76	CM, NM = HC	Brown et al., 2000, Neurology	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			>			>			>	97	endemic HC ≥ non-endemic HC	Prakash et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					>	>			160	+ correlation with bilirubin, urea and creatinine	Deloron et al., 1994, Eur Cytokine Netw	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>									124	CM† > CMseq > CMnseq	Casals-Pascual et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=		=							48	N.I.	Deloron et al., 1994, Clin Infect Dis	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>					>		>		466	N.I.	Kwiatkowski et al., 1990, Lancet	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								41	3 days after treatment: levels ↓ in both groups with SM† > SM	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=	=				>		=	212	SM > HC; association with ↑ risk of death	Tchinda et al., 2007, Acta Trop	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	200	+ correlation with parasitemia and pigment-containing neutrophils	Luty et al., 2000, Infect Immun	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	59	+ correlation with parasitemia	Perkins et al., 2000, J Infect Dis	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			>			>	=			77	NCSM patients are patiens with SMA	Kurtzhals et al., 1998, Lancet	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										47	SM > HC; - correlation with iC3b; + correlation with Bb and SC5b-9 (MAC)	Wenisch et al., 1997, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										54	SM > NM, HC; + correlation with big endothelin-1	Wenisch et al., 1996, J Infect Dis	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										48	CM, RF > NCSM > HC; plasma levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with sTNFR1 and IL-6	Wenisch et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						>	>			123	75% of CM† had very ↑ plasma levels of TNF-a; + correlation with reactivity to brain antigens for children > 1 year old (PCA factor 1 score); + correlation with intensity of the unadjusted reactivity to non-erythroid a and b spectrin	Guiyedi et al., 2007, PLoS One	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			>	>		<	135	UM < HC = AM	Duarte et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			37	+ correlation with thrombomodulin	Hemmer et al., 1994, Thromb Haemost	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										157	Malaria (SM + UM) > NM, HC; endotoxin stimulated mononuclear cells of UM patients produce more TNF-a compared with convalescent patients and HC	Kwiatkowski et al., 1989, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma/Serum		>								81	MOD > CM; + correlation with depth of coma	Manish et al., 2003, Trop Med Int Health	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							>		>	54	Levels returned to normal during treatment; + correlation with parasitemia, TAT and partial thromboplastin time, ; - correlation with platelet count, fibrinogen, protein C antigen and activity, protein C inhibitor-1 and prothrombin time	Hemmer et al., 1991, Am J Med	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	39	+ correlation with serum IL-6 and fever	Clark et al., 1992, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	=					=			>	217	- correlation with platelet count	John et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										33	CM = NCSM + UM	Esamai et al., 2003, J Trop Pediatr	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							>			15	N.I.	Perlmann et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						=			>	164	ROC curve analysis showed no discrimination between CM and UM patients; + correlation with parasitemia	Lovegrove et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	>									65	CM > HC; ↑ in patients with hypoglycemia, hyperparasitemia and age < 3 years; - correlation with time of death (hours): association between hypoglycemia and mortality	Grau et al., 1989, N Engl J Med	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum		=	=				>		>	748	N.I.	Lyke et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	=									254	CM > NM	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Infect Immun	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										83	SM > HC; plasma levels ↓ after treatment; + correlation with sCD14	Wenisch et al., 1996, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						>			=	60	ROC curve analysis showed moderate discrimination between CM and UM patients; + correlation with parasitemia	Lovegrove et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	>					=				177	CM, UM > AM	Al-Yaman et al., 1998, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	54	Serum TNF-a ↓ during treatment; - correlation with TGF-b; + correlation with sTNFR1	Wenisch et al., 1995, J Clin Immun	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							>		>	45	+ correlation with parasitemia	Holst et al., 1999, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum (1 Plasmodium vivax)	Brain (PM)-IHC			>		>					7	CM(falciparum) > SM(vivax)	Maneerat et al., 1999, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health	Link
TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	255	UM vivax = UM falciparum > HC; P. vivax: anemic patients = non-anemic patients; patients without parasite-specific IgM > patients with parasite-specific IgM; patients without parasite-specific IgG < patients with parasite-specific IgG; P. falciparum: anemic patients < non-anemic patients; patients without parasite-specific IgM, IgG = patients with parasite-specific IgM, IgG	Fernandes et al., 2006, Clin Vaccine Immunol	Link
TNF-a:IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			<			=	>			77	NCSM patients are patients with SMA	Kurtzhals et al., 1998, Lancet	Link
TNF-a:sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					>				160	N.I.	Deloron et al., 1994, Eur Cytokine Netw	Link
TNF-a:sTNF-R1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						>				52	N.I.	Molyneux et al., 1993, Cytokine	Link
TNF-a:sTNF-R1/2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					>				160	N.I.	Deloron et al., 1994, Eur Cytokine Netw	Link
TNF-a:sTNF-R2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					>				160	N.I.	Deloron et al., 1994, Eur Cytokine Netw	Link
TNF-a:sTNF-R2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						>				52	N.I.	Molyneux et al., 1993, Cytokine	Link
TNF:IL-10	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			145	SM = febrile UM > UM	Perera et al., 2013, Pathog Glob Health	Link
Total cholesterol	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma								=	<	41	NM (febrile children) < HC	Agbedana at al., 1990, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
Total cholesterol	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									<	74	N.I.	Djoumessi et al., 1989, Pathol Biol (Paris)	Link
Total cholesterol	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										35	SM < HC; levels increased during therapy	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
Total cholesterol	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Serum									<	28	P. falciparum = P. vivax; + correlation with plasma lyso-PAF and acetylhydrolase (AH) activity	Davis et al., 1993, J Infect	Link
Total IgA	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										117	Malaria > HC	Brasseur et al., 1990, J Clin Microbiol	Link
Total IgA	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma							=		>	125	P. vivax = P. falciparum	Jhaveri et al., 1997, Natl Med J India	Link
Total IgE	N.I.	Plasma			=							50	N.I.	Nacher et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
Total IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC										25	CM > NM; all CM patients had IgE deposition; IgE deposition on IgG and pRBC was ↑ in patients with pRBC sequestration in >50% of the microvessels compared to <50% of the microvessels containing pRBC; degree of IgE deposition on brain microvessels and pRBC tended to be correlated with degree of coma	Maeno et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Total IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			=	=		=	135	HC = AM; a ↑ % of patients with clinical disease had ↑ IgE levels than HC and AM; no ↓ in IgE levels 30 days after treatment; + correlation with age, parasite load (UM) and plasma IL-10 (UM); - correlation with parasite load (AM, CM and NCSM) and plasma IL-10 (AM); ↑ expression of FceRI on mast cells after incubation with serum samples from patients from all groups; % of patients with functional P. falciparum IgE was ↑ in AM and UM compared to CM, NCSM and HC	Duarte et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
Total IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		>	98	NCSM > HC; ex-CM = CM = HC; endemic HC > non-endemic HC; IgE Indian adults > IgE Gabonese children; a ↑ % of patients with clinical disease had ↑ IgE levels than HC; no ↓ in IgE levels 30 days after treatment; + correlation with parasite load (UM and NCSM), plasma IFN-g, TNF-a and IL-10; ↑ expression of FceRI on mast cells after incubation with serum samples from patients from all groups; % of patients with functional P. falciparum IgE was slightly ↑ in HC and UM compared to CM and NCSM	Duarte et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
Total IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			580	+ correlation with IL4-589C/T polymorphism in SM independent of age	Verra et al., 2004, Acta Trop	Link
Total IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=							661	< 4 years old: NCSM = CM = UM; > 4 years old: NCSM, CM > UM	Calissano et al., 2003, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Total IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						>				228	IgE Ab from CM patients recognized the same P. falciparum Ag as IgE Ab from UM patients; patients with IgE Ab to a particul Ag frequently had corresponding IgG4 Ab for the same Ag	Perlmann et al., 1994, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Total IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							>		>	90	IgE levels ↑ with ↑ age, level of anemia, level of thrombocytopenia and ↓ consciousness in SM patients	Seka-Seka et al., 2004, Scand J Immunol	Link
Total IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						>	>			15	IgE-containing sera induced more TNF release when added to anti-IgE-coated plates (but not anti-IgG-coated plates) together with PBMC compared to control sera, and this was abrogated by IgE-depletion; IgG-anti-IgE-exposed PBMC showed ↑ staining of CD23 after 2-5 days of incubation	Perlmann et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
Total IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							=		>	70	N.I.	Perlmann et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Total IgE:sCD23	N.I.	Plasma			=							50	N.I.	Nacher et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
Total IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC										25	CM > NM; all CM patients had IgG deposition	Maeno et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Total IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			=	=		=	98	N.I.	Bansal et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
Total IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						=				139	N.I.	Perlmann et al., 1994, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Total IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										117	CM = non-CM (SM and/or UM?) > HC	Brasseur et al., 1990, J Clin Microbiol	Link
Total IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							<		>	70	NCSM > HC; UM remained ↑ than NCSM until day 28 UM = NCSM	Perlmann et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Total IgG	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma							=		>	125	P. vivax = P. falciparum	Jhaveri et al., 1997, Natl Med J India	Link
Total IgG	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale	Serum									>	120	N.I.	Adu et al., 1982, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Total IgM	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										98	Malaria (SM + UM) > HC	Bansal et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
Total IgM	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										117	CM < non-CM (SM and/or UM?) > HC	Brasseur et al., 1990, J Clin Microbiol	Link
Total IgM	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma							=		=	125	Number of malaria patients with ↑ IgM > number of HC with ↑ IgM	Jhaveri et al., 1997, Natl Med J India	Link
Total kininogen	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma										12	P. vivax < HC	Roy et al., 1988, Indian J Malariol	Link
Transferrin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			=	=	=	=	179		Burté et al., 2013, Blood	Link
Triglycerides	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										35	SM > HC; - correlation with plasma lyso-PAF	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
Triglycerides	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale	Plasma									>	16	Levels were normalized at follow-up after 2 weeks	Nilsson-Ehle et al., 1990, J Intern Med	Link
Trp:ΣNAA (%)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) < HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Tryptophan (Trp)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	=			=						121-175	CMseq = CMnseq	Dobbie et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Tryptophan (Trp)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC; ↑ apparent Km and ↓ (calculated) brain uptake by BBB transporter for malaria group compared with HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Tyr:Phe (%)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) < HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Tyr:ΣNAA (%)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Tyrosine	N.I.	Plasma						>			=	126	N.I.	Lopansri et al., 2006, Infect Immun	Link
Tyrosine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC; ↑ apparent Km and similar (calculated) brain uptake by BBB transporter for malaria group compared with HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
uPAR	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC					>					16	Astrocytes: CM > NM; Endothelial cells: CM = NM-CNS > NM-NCNS; Microglia/MF: CM ≤ NM-CNS; CM > CM-NCNS (in Dürck’s granulomas and adjacent to petechial hemorrhages)	Fauser et al., 2000, J Neuroimmunol	Link
uPAR	Plasmodium falciparum	PBMC										356	Malaria (SM + UM) > convalescent samples; a larger ↑ in the expression of uPAR on monocytes is independently associated with SM	Jenkins et al., 2006, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
Urea	N.I.	Plasma	=									50	N.I.	Oguche et al., 2002, West Afr J Med	Link
Urea	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										306	SM† = SMseq > SMnseq; CM + RD > RD > CM, hyperparasitemia/prostration	English et al., 1997, QJM	Link
Urea	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								268	N.I.	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Pages

(L-)Arginine
2,3-bisphospho-glycerate (BPG)
3-hydroxy-butyrate (3-OHB)
5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA)
a1-antitrypsin
a2-macroglobulin
Acetylhydrolase (AH) activity (PAF → lyso-PAF)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Activated protein C (aPC)
ADAMTS13 (activity)
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
Adiponectin
Alanine
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
ANG1
ANG2
ANG2:ANG1
Angiostatin
Anti-a-galactosyl IgG
Anti-dsDNA Ab
Anti-dsDNA IgG
Anti-nuclear Ab (ANA)
Anti-ribonucleo-protein (RNP) IgG
Anti-rosetting activity
Anti-ssDNA Ab
Anti-ssDNA IgG
Antithrombin-III (AT-III)
Apo A
Apo B
Arginase
Ascorbate
Ascorbic acid
Asparagine
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Assymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)
b-amyloid precursor protein (b-APP) (axons)
b2-glycoprotein 1 (Apo H)
Bicarbonate
Bicyclo-PGE2
Bicyclo-PGE2/ creatinine
Big endothelin-1 (bET1)
Bilirubin
Bilirubin (Bb)
Biopterin
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C-peptide
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)
C1q
C3
C4
C4d
C4d:C4
Calcium
Carboxyhemoglobin
CCL11 (Eotaxin)
CCL2 (MCP-1)
CCL3 (MIP-1a)
CCL4 (MIP-1b)
CCL5 (RANTES)
CCR1
CCR3
CCR5
CD23 (FceRII)
CD36
CD68
Cellular DNA strand break (apoptosis)
Chloride
Ciliary neutrophic factor (CNTF)
Circulating immune complexes (CIC)
Class I HLA
Cortisol
COX-1
COX-2
creatinin kinase muscle brain (CK-MB)
creatinine
CRP
CTGF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL10 (IP-10):PDGFbb
CXCL10 (IP-10):VEGF
CXCL11 (I-TAC)
CXCL12(a) (SDF-1)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL7 (NAP-2)
CXCL8 (IL-8)
CXCL8 (IL-8) mRNA
CXCL9 (MIG)
Cystatin C
Dihydrobiopterin (BH2)
E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E)
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
Endothelin-1 (Et-1)
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
Eosinophil protein X (EPX)
Epinephrine
EPO
Factor B
Factor II+VII+X
Factor IX
Factor V
Factor VIII
Factor XII
Factor XIII
Ferritin
FFA
FGF basic protein
Fibrin
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen leakage
Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)
G-CSF
Glucagon
Glucose
Glutamic acid
Glycerol
Glycine
Glycine-rich b-glycoprotein (GBG)
GM-CSF
Haptoglobin
HDL-cholesterol
HDL:total cholesterol
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP)
Hepcidin
His:ΣNAA (%)
Histamine
Histidine
HMGB1
HMW-kininogen
HO-1
Human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL)
iC3
iC3:C3
ICAM-1 (CD54)
IFN-g
IFN-g mRNA
IgA-immune complexes (IC)
IgE against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgE-immune complexes (IC)
IgG against a-galactosyl
IgG against b-tubulin 3 (TBB3) (brain)
IgG against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG against C2 fragment of RAP1
IgG against cardiolipin (CL)
IgG against conserved C-terminal ATS domain of PfEMP-1
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP119
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP142
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP2 (K1 17/14)
IgG against conserved N-terminal block 1 region of MSP1
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2 (FC27-type protein T9/105 12/6)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2A (IC1/3D7-type protein T9/96 13/14)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2B (GF/88)
IgG against full-length FC27-type protein or against polymorphic regions of MSP2
IgG against g-aminobutyric acid synthesizing enzyme (GAD)
IgG against highly conserved N-terminal DBL-1a domains of PfEMP-1
IgG against MSP3
IgG against MSPall (MSP119+ MSP2A + MSP2B)
IgG against muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
IgG against N-terminus of SERA5 (SE36)
IgG against non-erythroid spectrin (a and b) (brain)
IgG against non-infected RBC protein extract
IgG against P-/Q- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC)
IgG against PfEMP-13D7
IgG against phosphatidylcholine (PC)
IgG against phosphatidylinositol (PI)
IgG against Plasmodial GPI
IgG against rifin (rif-29)
IgG against rifin (rif-29, -40, -44, -50)
IgG against the ectodomein of AMA1
IgG against total brain protein extract
IgG against voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC)
IgG against VSA
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1 (RO33 type)
IgG anti-IgE
IgG-immune complexes (IC)
IgG1 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG1 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG1,IgG3 against GLURP (R0 and R2)
IgG1-immune complexes (IC)
IgG2 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG2 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG2-immune complexes (IC)
IgG3 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG3 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG3-immune complexes (IC)
IgG4 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG4 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG4-immune complexes (IC)
IgG:IgE
IgM against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgM against PC
IgM against PI
IgM against Plasmodial GPI
IgM against total brain protein extract
IL-1
IL-10
IL-10 mRNA
IL-10:IL-12
IL-10:TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12a mRNA
IL-12p40
IL-12p40/p70
IL-12p70
IL-13
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18 mRNA
IL-1a
IL-1b
IL-1ra
IL-1ra:IL-1b
IL-2
IL-2 mRNA
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-6:IL-10
IL-6Rb (gp130)
IL-7
IL-9
Inorganic phosphate
Insulin
Isoleucine
Kallikrein inhibitor
Kininase I
Kynurenic acid (KA)
L-arg:ADMA
L-arg:ornithine
L-Phenylalanine
Lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate:pyruvate
LDL-cholesterol
Leucine
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
LT
Lysine
Lyso-platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF)
Lysozyme
m-(mu)Calpain (I)
m-Calpain (II)
Macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)
Magnesium
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
Methemoglobin
Methionine
Microparticles (endothelial cell-derived)
Microparticles (erythrocyte-derived)
Microparticles (platelet-derived)
Microparticles (total)
MIF
MMP-1
MMP-8
MMP-9
Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14, S100A9)
Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8, S100A8)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Myoglobin
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)
Neopterin
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)
Norepinephrine
NOS
NOS2
O2-carrying capacity
Occludin
Ornithine
Parasite-spec IgA
Parasite-spec IgE
Parasite-spec IgG
Parasite-spec IgG1
Parasite-spec IgG2
Parasite-spec IgG3
Parasite-spec IgG4
Parasite-spec IgM
PC inhibitor-1 (PCI-1)
PDGFbb
PECAM-1 (CD31)
Phe:ΣNAA (%)
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
Picolinic acid (PA)
Plasminogen
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Platelet activating factor (PAF)
Potassium
Prekallikrein
Protein C (PC)
Protein S
Prothrombin fragment F1+2 : activated protein C (aPC)
Prothrombin time (PT)
QA:KA
QA:PA
Quinolinic acid (QA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)
RNI: TNF-a
S100B (astrocytes)
SC5b-9 (MAC)
sCD14
sCD21
sCD21:sCD23
sCD23
sCD4
sCD8
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)
sEndothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
sEng (sCD105, sTGF-bRIII)
Serine
sFas
sFas:PDGFbb
sFas:VEGF
sFasL
sGranzyme A
sGranzyme B
Sialoadhesin (SA)
sICAM-1 (sCD54)
SIG (strong ion gap → un-measured anions)
sIL-2R (CD25)
sIL-4R
sIL-6R
sL-selectin (sCD62L)
sLaminin
Sodium
sP-selectin (sCD62P)
sThrombomodulin (sTM)
sTissue factor (sTF)
sTNF-R1
sTNF-R2
sTNF-R2: PDGFbb
sTNF-R2:VEGF
sTransferrin receptor (sTfR)
suPAR
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)
sVEGFR1
sVEGFR2
Symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA)
Tau (axons)
Taurine
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
TGF-b mRNA
TGF-b1
TGF-b1:IL-12
TGF-b1:TNF-a
TGF-b2
TGF-b3
Threonine
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)
Thrombomodulin (TM)
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)
TIMP-1
TIMP-2
Tissue factor (TF)
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
TLR2
TLR4
TLR9
TNF
TNF mRNA
TNF-a
TNF-a:IL-10
TNF-a:sTNF-R1
TNF-a:sTNF-R1/2
TNF-a:sTNF-R2
TNF:IL-10
Total cholesterol
Total IgA
Total IgE
Total IgE:sCD23
Total IgG
Total IgM
Total kininogen
Transferrin
Triglycerides
Trp:ΣNAA (%)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Tyr:Phe (%)
Tyr:ΣNAA (%)
Tyrosine
uPAR
Urea
Uric acid
Valine
VCAM-1 (CD106)
VEGF
VEGFR1
Vinculin
vWF
vWF activation factors
vWF propeptide
vWF(:Ag)
vWF(CB:Ag)
ZO-1

Asian, African and Caucasian travelers
Bangladesh
Brazil
Britain, Ghana
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (Mossi etnic group)
Burundi
Burundi, Congo, France
Cameroon
Canada
China
Congo
Denmark
Ethiopia
European travelers
European travelers, Africa
France
Gabon
Ghana
Ghana and travelers of mixed origin
Guinea-Bissau
India
India
Indonesia
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Kenya vs European and Kenyan Con
Kenya vs European Con
Kenya vs USA Con
Madagascar
Madagascar, France
Malawi
Malawi vs European Con
Mali
Mixed group
Mixed origin with mixed malaria species
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nigeria
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Senegal
Solomon Island
South Africa
Sri Lanka
St. Tomé
Sudan
Sudan, Ethiopia
Tanzania
Thailand
Thailand, Tanzania
The Gambia
The Gambia vs European Con
The Gambia vs Giambian and European Con
Uganda
Uganda vs American Con
Vietnam
Vietnam vs European Con
Vietnam vs Vietnamese and European Con
Vietnam, Myanmar
Yemen
Zambia