Human data

Expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, adhesion molecules, angiogenic and coagulation factors, metabolic molecules, etc. in different organs e.g. serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and postmortem (PM) brains, are compared between several patient groups according to severity and complication [e.g. lethal (†) versus non-lethal cerebral malaria (CM), CM versus uncomplicated malaria (UM), severe malaria (SM)/non-cerebral severe malaria (NCSM) versus UM, UM versus healthy controls (HC)]. Information on the country, transmission level, parasite species, adult versus pediatric patients, patient number, additional clinical or correlation data, references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included for each molecule listed in the database.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: AM, asymptomatic malaria; N.I., not indicated; NM, non-malaria patients; NM-CNS, NM patients with involvement of the central nervous system; NM-NCNS, NM patients without CNS involvement; n.s., not significant; >, higher levels than; <, lower levels than; =, similar levels; ≤, lower or similar levels than; >*, when adjusted for interactions with other complications (multivariate analysis), the association looses it's significance

	Select	Field
	Full
	Molecular group
	Molecule/Cell
	Plasmodium strain
	Organ
	Population
	Transmission
	Adult/Pediatric
	CM† vs CM
	SM† vs SM
	CM vs NCSM
	CM vs NM-CNS
	CM vs NM-NCNS
	CM vs UM
	SM/NCSM vs UM
	UM vs NM
	UM vs HC
	Patient number
	Additional differences
	Refs
	PubMed

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Organ	CM† vs CM	SM† vs SM	CM vs NCSM	CM vs NM-CNS	CM vs NM-NCNS	CM vs UM	SM/NCSM vs UM	UM vs NM	UM vs HC	Patient number	Additional differences	Refs	PubMed
MIF	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC			=		=					56	No differences were oberved in the brain, independent of parasite sequestration or brain pathology; + staining of inflamed meninges, astrocytes and ependymal cells	Clark et al., 2003, Malar J	Link
MIF	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										48	Malaria (NCSM + UM) < HC (patients in the convalescent phase of malaria); PBMC-derived MIF mRNA from malaria < PBMC-derived MIF mRNA from HC; + correlation with IL-12 and TGF-b1; IFN-g was the most significant predictor of MIF independent of disease severity	Awandare et al., 2006, Clin Immunol	Link
MIF	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	n.s.					n.s.			=	138	+ association between log MIF levels and fatal outcome	Jain et al., 2009, BMC Res Notes	Link
MIF	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	255	UM vivax = UM falciparum > HC; P. vivax: anemic patients = non-anemic patients; patients without parasite-specific IgM < patients with parasite-specific IgM; patients without parasite-specific IgG = patients with parasite-specific IgG; + correlation with IgG against components of the RBC membrane; P. falciparum: anemic patients = non-anemic patients; patients without parasite-specific IgM, IgG = patients with parasite-specific IgM, IgG	Fernandes et al., 2006, Clin Vaccine Immunol	Link
MMP-1	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)					>					13	MMP-1 staining of macrophages/astrocytes in Dürck's granulomas, absent if no Dürck's granulomas are present	Deininger et al., 2003, J Neuroimmunol	Link
MMP-8	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum			=				=	=	>	128	NM > HC; + correlation with neutrophil count	Dietmann et al., 2008, J Infect Dis	Link
MMP-9	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF				≤	=					71	Only significantly increased in the tubercular and bacterial meningitis group, but not in the cryptococcal meningitis , viral encephalitis or CM	Brown et al., 2000, Neurology	Link
MMP-9	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
MMP-9	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum			=				=	=	=	128	N.I.	Dietmann et al., 2008, J Infect Dis	Link
MMP-9	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14, S100A9)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC										7	Widespread expression of MRP14 (early activation marker) in microglial cells in white and gray matter of CM patients	Schluesener et al., 1998, Acta Neuropathol	Link
Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8, S100A8)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC										7	Widespread expression of MRP8 (early activation marker) in microglial cells in white and gray matter of CM patients	Schluesener et al., 1998, Acta Neuropathol	Link
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma							>	=		65	+ correlation with HNL	Mohammed et al., 2003, Acta Trop	Link
Myoglobin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>					>			400	Elevated myoglobin is a good predictor of a fatal outcome; + correlation with plasma H-FABP, NT-proBNP, CK-MB, convulsions, impaired consciousness, parasitemia, CM and lactate levels; - correlation with glucose levels and Hb	Ehrhardt et al., 2005, Microbes Infect	Link
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			400	+ correlation with plasma H-FABP, CK-MB, myoglobin, SMA and blood lactate levels; - correlation with glucose levels	Ehrhardt et al., 2005, Microbes Infect	Link
Neopterin	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	=			>						121-175	CMseq = CMnseq	Dobbie et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Neopterin	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	=									127	+ correlation with biopterin and sTNFR2	Weiss et al., 1998, J Infect Dis	Link
Neopterin	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			93	Plasma levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with CRP, parasite clearance time, parasitemia and duration of symptoms after therapy	Kremsner et al., 1996, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF										36	SM = NM-NCNS; - correlation with arterial and CSF pH	Medana et al., 2005, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	71	+ correlation with parasite count, serum bilirubin, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (sGOT/AST) and blood urea nitrogen; - correlation with platelet count and anti-thrombin III activity	Pukrittayakamee et al., 1992, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										32	SM > HC	Clemens et al., 1994, Br J Haematol	Link
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			45	+ correlation with TNF-a and parasitemia	Holst et al., 1999, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			37	+ correlation with thrombomodulin	Hemmer et al., 1994, Thromb Haemost	Link
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	=			<						130-184	European controls = Kenyan controls; CMseq = CMnseq	Dobbie et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	>									130	N.I.	Weiss et al., 1998, J Infect Dis	Link
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF		=	=	=	=					19	N.I.	Agbenyega et al., 1997, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF		=								16	SM = HC; + correlation with plasma nitrate level	Dondorp et al., 1998, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Norepinephrine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						n.s.			=	25	N.I.	Blümer et al., 2005, Metabolism	Link
Norepinephrine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	16	N.I.	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
NOS	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										48	Malaria (NCSM + UM) > HC (patients in the convalescent phase of malaria)	Awandare et al., 2006, Clin Immunol	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC										56	CMC > CMA, CMB, NM (CMA: no brain pathology and rare pRBC sequestration, CMB: no brain pathology and pRBC sequestration, CMC: brain pathology, mononuclear cell and pRBC sequestration)	Clark et al., 2003, Malar J	Link
NOS2	Plasmodium falciparum (1 Plasmodium vivax)	Brain (PM)-IHC					>					19	Staining in numerous cell types, lower in recovering CM cases and minimal in P. vivax case	Maneerat et al., 2000, Histopathology	Link
O2-carrying capacity	Plasmodium falciparum	Finger pulse co-oximeter measurement							=		<	117	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2013, J Infect Dis	Link
Occludin	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC			<		<					24	NCSM = NM-NCNS	Brown et al., 1999, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol	Link
Ornithine	N.I.	Plasma						=			<	126	N.I.	Lopansri et al., 2006, Infect Immun	Link
Ornithine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									<	147	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2007, J Exp Med	Link
Parasite-spec IgA	Plasmodium falciparum (ELISA coated with Plasmodium knowlesi Ag)	CSF					=					48	Not detectable	Mitra et al., 1991, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgA	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae	Serum							=			233	Prevalence of IgA: NCSM = UM = AM; similar levels for patients undergoing their 1st clinical malaria attack compared to patients who reported previous clinical malaria attacks	Leoratti et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
Parasite-spec IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<		>	256	SM > HC; + correlation with protection from SM	Nasr et al., 2007, Scand J Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			277	7 and 28 days after treatment: SM = UM; + correlation with parasite-specific IgG2 (SM)	Tangteerawatana et al., 2007, Parasite Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			580	N.I.	Verra et al., 2004, Acta Trop	Link
Parasite-spec IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			<							647	Levels ↑ with age; SM < UM (0.5-4.0 years old), SM > UM (4.0-15 years old)	Calissano et al., 2003, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Parasite-spec IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						>				30	N.I.	Perlmann et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
Parasite-spec IgE	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							=			70	SM > UM for Ab-positive patients; + correlation with parasitemia	Perlmann et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Parasite-spec IgE	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae	Serum							n.s.			233	UM = AM; prevalence of IgE: NCSM = UM = AM; interactions with IgG4: NCSM > UM, AM; significantly ↑ levels for patients undergoing their 1 clinical malaria attack	Leoratti et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
Parasite-spec IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			<				=			466	No differences with age	Calissano et al., 2003, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Parasite-spec IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								41	N.I.	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
Parasite-spec IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			256	Predominantly IgG of the IgG1 subclass, while IgG4 were the ↓ levels	Nasr et al., 2007, Scand J Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			<							98	SM > HC	Bansal et al., 2009, PLoS One	Link
Parasite-spec IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										76	SM = HC	Ndungu et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							=			70	SM < UM for Ab-positive patients; - correlation with parasitemia	Perlmann et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Parasite-spec IgG	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	<									117	CM < non-CM (SM and/or UM?) > HC; CM > HC; % of patients with precipitating Ab who died (8.3%) < % of patients with precipitating Ab who recovered (76.5%)	Brasseur et al., 1990, J Clin Microbiol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG	Plasmodium falciparum (ELISA coated with Plasmodium knowlesi Ag)	CSF					>					48	Correlation with duration of coma	Mitra et al., 1991, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae	Serum							=			233	NCSM = AM; avidity index: NCSM < AM, UM; prevalence of IgG: NCSM = UM = AM; + correlation with age and the number of previous clinical malaria attacks; significantly ↑ levels for patients with > 5 previous clinical malaria attacks compared to patients with 0 – 5 previous clinical malaria attacks; no change in avidity index with number of previous clinical malaria attacks	Leoratti et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
Parasite-spec IgG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			256	+ correlation with protection from SM	Nasr et al., 2007, Scand J Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								41	N.I.	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
Parasite-spec IgG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			273	Levels remained ↓ for SM compared to UM until end of testing (day 28 after treatment); + correlation with parasite-specific IgG2 and IgG3; - correlation with ↑ risk of SM on admission (significance was lost after adjusting for age and parasite-spec IgG2, IgG3 and IgE)	Tangteerawatana et al., 2007, Parasite Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			66	N.I.	Ferreira et al., 1998, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										116	CM > HC/NM; NCSM = HC/NM; prevalence of parasite spec IgG1: CM = NCSM > HC/NM	Schreiber et al., 2006, Microbes Infect	Link
Parasite-spec IgG1	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										76	SM = HC; elevated levels of IgG1 in relation to levels of IgG2 and IgG4 antibodies were associated with protection from SM	Ndungu et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG1	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae	Serum							<			233	NCSM < AM; avidity index: NCSM < AM, UM; prevalence of IgG1: NCSM < UM, AM; predominance of high-avidity IgG1 in UM and AM, and low-avidity IgG1 in NCSM; IgG1 Ab frequency: P. falciparum > P. vivax and P. falciparum+P. vivax > P. vivax; interactions with IgG2 and IgG3: NCSM < UM, AM; + correlation with the number of previous clinical malaria attacks; significantly ↑ levels for patients with > 5 previous clinical malaria attacks compared to patients with 0 – 5 previous clinical malaria attacks; mean avidity index ↑ with number of previous clinical malaria attacks	Leoratti et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
Parasite-spec IgG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								41	N.I.	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
Parasite-spec IgG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			256	N.I.	Nasr et al., 2007, Scand J Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			274	7 and 28 days after treatment: SM = UM; + correlation with parasite-spec IgG1, IgG3 and IgE (SM); - correlation with ↑ risk of SM on admission (significance was lost after adjusting for age and parasite-spec IgG1, IgG3 and IgE)	Tangteerawatana et al., 2007, Parasite Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			66	N.I.	Ferreira et al., 1998, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										116	CM, NCSM > HC/NM; prevalence of parasite spec IgG2: CM = NCSM	Schreiber et al., 2006, Microbes Infect	Link
Parasite-spec IgG2	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										76	SM = HC; elevated levels of IgG2 in relation to IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies were associated with a higher risk of developing SM	Ndungu et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG2	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae	Serum							<			233	NCSM < AM; avidity index: NCSM < AM, UM; prevalence of IgG2: NCSM < UM, AM; interactions with IgG1 and IgG3: NCSM < UM, AM; + correlation with age and the number of previous clinical malaria attacks; significantly ↑ levels for patients with > 5 previous clinical malaria attacks compared to patients with 0 – 5 previous clinical malaria attacks; no change in avidity index with number of previous clinical malaria attacks; AM with H131 allele (FcgRIIA H/R131) > NCSM + UM without H131 allele	Leoratti et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
Parasite-spec IgG3	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			256	+ correlation with protection from SM (patients with FcgRIIa-H/H131 > R/R131)	Nasr et al., 2007, Scand J Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG3	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		<								41	Patients who died had almost no detectable IgG3 on the day of admission	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
Parasite-spec IgG3	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			276	Levels remained ↓ for SM compared to UM until end of testing (day 28 after treatment); + correlation with parasite-spec IgG1 and IgG2; - correlation with ↑ risk of SM (remained significant after adjusting for age and parasite-spec IgG1, IgG2 and IgE)	Tangteerawatana et al., 2007, Parasite Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG3	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							n.s.			66	N.I.	Ferreira et al., 1998, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG3	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										116	CM, NCSM > HC/NM; prevalence of parasite spec IgG3: CM = HC/NM, NCSM > HC/NM; CM = NCSM	Schreiber et al., 2006, Microbes Infect	Link
Parasite-spec IgG3	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										76	SM = HC	Ndungu et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG3	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae	Serum							<			233	NCSM < AM; prevalence of IgG3: NCSM < UM, AM; interactions with IgG1 and IgG2: NCSM < UM, AM; + correlation with the number of previous clinical malaria attacks; significantly ↑ levels for patients with > 5 previous clinical malaria attacks compared to patients with 0 – 5 previous clinical malaria attacks; no change in avidity index with number of previous clinical malaria attacks	Leoratti et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
Parasite-spec IgG4	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			256	+ correlation with risk of SM	Nasr et al., 2007, Scand J Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG4	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								41	Very low levels	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
Parasite-spec IgG4	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			66	N.I.	Ferreira et al., 1998, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG4	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										116	CM, NCSM = HC/NM; prevalence of parasite spec IgG4: CM = NCSM = HC/NM	Schreiber et al., 2006, Microbes Infect	Link
Parasite-spec IgG4	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										76	SM = HC	Ndungu et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgG4	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae	Serum							>			233	NCSM > AM; prevalence of IgG4: NCSM = UM = AM; interactions with IgE: NCSM > UM, AM; - correlation with the number of previous clinical malaria attacks; significantly ↑ levels for patients undergoing their 1 clinical malaria attack; no change in avidity index with number of previous clinical malaria attacks	Leoratti et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
Parasite-spec IgM	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			256	N.I.	Nasr et al., 2007, Scand J Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgM	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								41	N.I.	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
Parasite-spec IgM	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	<									117	CM < non-CM (SM and/or UM?) > HC	Brasseur et al., 1990, J Clin Microbiol	Link
Parasite-spec IgM	Plasmodium falciparum (ELISA coated with Plasmodium knowlesi Ag)	CSF					=					48	N.I.	Mitra et al., 1991, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Parasite-spec IgM	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae	Serum							=			233	NCSM = AM; prevalence of IgM: NCSM = UM = AM; similar levels for patients undergoing their 1 clinical malaria attack compared to patients who reported previous clinical malaria attacks	Leoratti et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
PC inhibitor-1 (PCI-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<		<	30	Levels returned to normal during treatment; + correlation with protein C antigen and activity, fibrinogen, platelet count and prothrombin time; - correlation with TAT, partial thromboplastin time and TNF-a	Hemmer et al., 1991, Am J Med	Link
PDGFbb	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			<		<					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
PDGFbb	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									=	133	CM†, CM < HC	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
PDGFbb	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
PECAM-1 (CD31)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC			=		=					24	N.I.	Brown et al., 1999, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol	Link
Phe:ΣNAA (%)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) > HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)		Plasma	>					=			>	109	CMcoma0-1 > CMcoma2-5, CM†,CMseq > CMnseq; initial plasma PLA2 activity = predictive of outcome; + correlation with TNF-a, parasitemia and % ↓ in hematocrit during stay in hospital; ↓ 24h after treatment	Vadas et al., 1993, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale	Serum									>	14	PLA2 activity P.falciparum < PLA2 activity P. vivax; + correlation with serum PLA2 activity (P. falciparum/P. vivax/P. ovale)	Vadas et al., 1992, Infect Immun	Link
Picolinic acid (PA)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF		>	=							281	SM > NM-NCNS; SM† > SM (consequence of impaired renal function); + correlation with hypoglycemia, renal failure, jaundice, shock, anemia, hyperparasitemia and pulmonary edema	Medana et al., 2002, J Infect Dis	Link
Picolinic acid (PA)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	>					>				120	PA malawian children = PA vietnamse adults; + correlation with plasma creatinine at admission, fever duration and AST; - correlation with hematocrit	Medana et al., 2003, J Infect Dis	Link
Plasminogen	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										32	SM = HC	Clemens et al., 1994, Br J Haematol	Link
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma							=		>	100	P. falciparum > P. vivax	Mohanty et al., 1997, Am J Hematol	Link
Platelet activating factor (PAF)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF										23	CM patients had higher levels during coma on admission than after recovery from coma	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
Potassium	N.I.	Plasma	>									50	N.I.	Oguche et al., 2002, West Afr J Med	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Pages

(L-)Arginine
2,3-bisphospho-glycerate (BPG)
3-hydroxy-butyrate (3-OHB)
5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA)
a1-antitrypsin
a2-macroglobulin
Acetylhydrolase (AH) activity (PAF → lyso-PAF)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Activated protein C (aPC)
ADAMTS13 (activity)
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
Adiponectin
Alanine
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
ANG1
ANG2
ANG2:ANG1
Angiostatin
Anti-a-galactosyl IgG
Anti-dsDNA Ab
Anti-dsDNA IgG
Anti-nuclear Ab (ANA)
Anti-ribonucleo-protein (RNP) IgG
Anti-rosetting activity
Anti-ssDNA Ab
Anti-ssDNA IgG
Antithrombin-III (AT-III)
Apo A
Apo B
Arginase
Ascorbate
Ascorbic acid
Asparagine
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Assymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)
b-amyloid precursor protein (b-APP) (axons)
b2-glycoprotein 1 (Apo H)
Bicarbonate
Bicyclo-PGE2
Bicyclo-PGE2/ creatinine
Big endothelin-1 (bET1)
Bilirubin
Bilirubin (Bb)
Biopterin
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C-peptide
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)
C1q
C3
C4
C4d
C4d:C4
Calcium
Carboxyhemoglobin
CCL11 (Eotaxin)
CCL2 (MCP-1)
CCL3 (MIP-1a)
CCL4 (MIP-1b)
CCL5 (RANTES)
CCR1
CCR3
CCR5
CD23 (FceRII)
CD36
CD68
Cellular DNA strand break (apoptosis)
Chloride
Ciliary neutrophic factor (CNTF)
Circulating immune complexes (CIC)
Class I HLA
Cortisol
COX-1
COX-2
creatinin kinase muscle brain (CK-MB)
creatinine
CRP
CTGF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL10 (IP-10):PDGFbb
CXCL10 (IP-10):VEGF
CXCL11 (I-TAC)
CXCL12(a) (SDF-1)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL7 (NAP-2)
CXCL8 (IL-8)
CXCL8 (IL-8) mRNA
CXCL9 (MIG)
Cystatin C
Dihydrobiopterin (BH2)
E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E)
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
Endothelin-1 (Et-1)
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
Eosinophil protein X (EPX)
Epinephrine
EPO
Factor B
Factor II+VII+X
Factor IX
Factor V
Factor VIII
Factor XII
Factor XIII
Ferritin
FFA
FGF basic protein
Fibrin
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen leakage
Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)
G-CSF
Glucagon
Glucose
Glutamic acid
Glycerol
Glycine
Glycine-rich b-glycoprotein (GBG)
GM-CSF
Haptoglobin
HDL-cholesterol
HDL:total cholesterol
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP)
Hepcidin
His:ΣNAA (%)
Histamine
Histidine
HMGB1
HMW-kininogen
HO-1
Human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL)
iC3
iC3:C3
ICAM-1 (CD54)
IFN-g
IFN-g mRNA
IgA-immune complexes (IC)
IgE against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgE-immune complexes (IC)
IgG against a-galactosyl
IgG against b-tubulin 3 (TBB3) (brain)
IgG against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG against C2 fragment of RAP1
IgG against cardiolipin (CL)
IgG against conserved C-terminal ATS domain of PfEMP-1
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP119
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP142
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP2 (K1 17/14)
IgG against conserved N-terminal block 1 region of MSP1
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2 (FC27-type protein T9/105 12/6)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2A (IC1/3D7-type protein T9/96 13/14)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2B (GF/88)
IgG against full-length FC27-type protein or against polymorphic regions of MSP2
IgG against g-aminobutyric acid synthesizing enzyme (GAD)
IgG against highly conserved N-terminal DBL-1a domains of PfEMP-1
IgG against MSP3
IgG against MSPall (MSP119+ MSP2A + MSP2B)
IgG against muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
IgG against N-terminus of SERA5 (SE36)
IgG against non-erythroid spectrin (a and b) (brain)
IgG against non-infected RBC protein extract
IgG against P-/Q- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC)
IgG against PfEMP-13D7
IgG against phosphatidylcholine (PC)
IgG against phosphatidylinositol (PI)
IgG against Plasmodial GPI
IgG against rifin (rif-29)
IgG against rifin (rif-29, -40, -44, -50)
IgG against the ectodomein of AMA1
IgG against total brain protein extract
IgG against voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC)
IgG against VSA
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1 (RO33 type)
IgG anti-IgE
IgG-immune complexes (IC)
IgG1 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG1 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG1,IgG3 against GLURP (R0 and R2)
IgG1-immune complexes (IC)
IgG2 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG2 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG2-immune complexes (IC)
IgG3 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG3 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG3-immune complexes (IC)
IgG4 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG4 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG4-immune complexes (IC)
IgG:IgE
IgM against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgM against PC
IgM against PI
IgM against Plasmodial GPI
IgM against total brain protein extract
IL-1
IL-10
IL-10 mRNA
IL-10:IL-12
IL-10:TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12a mRNA
IL-12p40
IL-12p40/p70
IL-12p70
IL-13
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18 mRNA
IL-1a
IL-1b
IL-1ra
IL-1ra:IL-1b
IL-2
IL-2 mRNA
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-6:IL-10
IL-6Rb (gp130)
IL-7
IL-9
Inorganic phosphate
Insulin
Isoleucine
Kallikrein inhibitor
Kininase I
Kynurenic acid (KA)
L-arg:ADMA
L-arg:ornithine
L-Phenylalanine
Lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate:pyruvate
LDL-cholesterol
Leucine
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
LT
Lysine
Lyso-platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF)
Lysozyme
m-(mu)Calpain (I)
m-Calpain (II)
Macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)
Magnesium
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
Methemoglobin
Methionine
Microparticles (endothelial cell-derived)
Microparticles (erythrocyte-derived)
Microparticles (platelet-derived)
Microparticles (total)
MIF
MMP-1
MMP-8
MMP-9
Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14, S100A9)
Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8, S100A8)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Myoglobin
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)
Neopterin
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)
Norepinephrine
NOS
NOS2
O2-carrying capacity
Occludin
Ornithine
Parasite-spec IgA
Parasite-spec IgE
Parasite-spec IgG
Parasite-spec IgG1
Parasite-spec IgG2
Parasite-spec IgG3
Parasite-spec IgG4
Parasite-spec IgM
PC inhibitor-1 (PCI-1)
PDGFbb
PECAM-1 (CD31)
Phe:ΣNAA (%)
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
Picolinic acid (PA)
Plasminogen
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Platelet activating factor (PAF)
Potassium
Prekallikrein
Protein C (PC)
Protein S
Prothrombin fragment F1+2 : activated protein C (aPC)
Prothrombin time (PT)
QA:KA
QA:PA
Quinolinic acid (QA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)
RNI: TNF-a
S100B (astrocytes)
SC5b-9 (MAC)
sCD14
sCD21
sCD21:sCD23
sCD23
sCD4
sCD8
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)
sEndothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
sEng (sCD105, sTGF-bRIII)
Serine
sFas
sFas:PDGFbb
sFas:VEGF
sFasL
sGranzyme A
sGranzyme B
Sialoadhesin (SA)
sICAM-1 (sCD54)
SIG (strong ion gap → un-measured anions)
sIL-2R (CD25)
sIL-4R
sIL-6R
sL-selectin (sCD62L)
sLaminin
Sodium
sP-selectin (sCD62P)
sThrombomodulin (sTM)
sTissue factor (sTF)
sTNF-R1
sTNF-R2
sTNF-R2: PDGFbb
sTNF-R2:VEGF
sTransferrin receptor (sTfR)
suPAR
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)
sVEGFR1
sVEGFR2
Symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA)
Tau (axons)
Taurine
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
TGF-b mRNA
TGF-b1
TGF-b1:IL-12
TGF-b1:TNF-a
TGF-b2
TGF-b3
Threonine
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)
Thrombomodulin (TM)
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)
TIMP-1
TIMP-2
Tissue factor (TF)
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
TLR2
TLR4
TLR9
TNF
TNF mRNA
TNF-a
TNF-a:IL-10
TNF-a:sTNF-R1
TNF-a:sTNF-R1/2
TNF-a:sTNF-R2
TNF:IL-10
Total cholesterol
Total IgA
Total IgE
Total IgE:sCD23
Total IgG
Total IgM
Total kininogen
Transferrin
Triglycerides
Trp:ΣNAA (%)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Tyr:Phe (%)
Tyr:ΣNAA (%)
Tyrosine
uPAR
Urea
Uric acid
Valine
VCAM-1 (CD106)
VEGF
VEGFR1
Vinculin
vWF
vWF activation factors
vWF propeptide
vWF(:Ag)
vWF(CB:Ag)
ZO-1

Asian, African and Caucasian travelers
Bangladesh
Brazil
Britain, Ghana
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (Mossi etnic group)
Burundi
Burundi, Congo, France
Cameroon
Canada
China
Congo
Denmark
Ethiopia
European travelers
European travelers, Africa
France
Gabon
Ghana
Ghana and travelers of mixed origin
Guinea-Bissau
India
India
Indonesia
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Kenya vs European and Kenyan Con
Kenya vs European Con
Kenya vs USA Con
Madagascar
Madagascar, France
Malawi
Malawi vs European Con
Mali
Mixed group
Mixed origin with mixed malaria species
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nigeria
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Senegal
Solomon Island
South Africa
Sri Lanka
St. Tomé
Sudan
Sudan, Ethiopia
Tanzania
Thailand
Thailand, Tanzania
The Gambia
The Gambia vs European Con
The Gambia vs Giambian and European Con
Uganda
Uganda vs American Con
Vietnam
Vietnam vs European Con
Vietnam vs Vietnamese and European Con
Vietnam, Myanmar
Yemen
Zambia