Human data

Expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, adhesion molecules, angiogenic and coagulation factors, metabolic molecules, etc. in different organs e.g. serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and postmortem (PM) brains, are compared between several patient groups according to severity and complication [e.g. lethal (†) versus non-lethal cerebral malaria (CM), CM versus uncomplicated malaria (UM), severe malaria (SM)/non-cerebral severe malaria (NCSM) versus UM, UM versus healthy controls (HC)]. Information on the country, transmission level, parasite species, adult versus pediatric patients, patient number, additional clinical or correlation data, references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included for each molecule listed in the database.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: AM, asymptomatic malaria; N.I., not indicated; NM, non-malaria patients; NM-CNS, NM patients with involvement of the central nervous system; NM-NCNS, NM patients without CNS involvement; n.s., not significant; >, higher levels than; <, lower levels than; =, similar levels; ≤, lower or similar levels than; >*, when adjusted for interactions with other complications (multivariate analysis), the association looses it's significance

	Select	Field
	Full
	Molecular group
	Molecule/Cell
	Plasmodium strain
	Organ
	Population
	Transmission
	Adult/Pediatric
	CM† vs CM
	SM† vs SM
	CM vs NCSM
	CM vs NM-CNS
	CM vs NM-NCNS
	CM vs UM
	SM/NCSM vs UM
	UM vs NM
	UM vs HC
	Patient number
	Additional differences
	Refs
	PubMed

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Organ	CM† vs CM	SM† vs SM	CM vs NCSM	CM vs NM-CNS	CM vs NM-NCNS	CM vs UM	SM/NCSM vs UM	UM vs NM	UM vs HC	Patient number	Additional differences	Refs	PubMed
Potassium	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								268	N.I.	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link
Prekallikrein	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										32	SM < HC	Clemens et al., 1994, Br J Haematol	Link
Prekallikrein	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma										12	P. vivax < HC	Roy et al., 1988, Indian J Malariol	Link
Protein C (PC)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										32	SM < HC	Clemens et al., 1994, Br J Haematol	Link
Protein C (PC)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			38	Levels ↑ during treatment; - correlation with TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6	Vogetseder et al., 2004, Trop Med Int Health	Link
Protein C (PC)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<		<	54	Similar observations for protein C activity; levels ↑ during treatment, but remained lower than normal in 70 % of the SM patients 7 days after treatment; + correlation with protein C activity, protein C inhibitor-1, prothrombin time, fibrinogen and platelet counts; - correlation with TAT, partial thromboplastin time, TNF-a and parasitemia	Hemmer et al., 1991, Am J Med	Link
Protein S	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							<			38	Levels ↑ mildly during treatment	Vogetseder et al., 2004, Trop Med Int Health	Link
Prothrombin fragment F1+2 : activated protein C (aPC)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=			=	=	=		=	=	176	CM = HC	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
Prothrombin time (PT)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma				=	=	=		=	=	176	CM > HC	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
QA:KA	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF		>	=							281	SM > NM-NCNS; SM† > SM (consequence of impaired renal function); + correlation with hypoglycemia, renal failure, jaundice, shock, anemia and admission plasma creatinine levels	Medana et al., 2002, J Infect Dis	Link
QA:KA	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	=				<					120	+ correlation with parasitemia at admission	Medana et al., 2003, J Infect Dis	Link
QA:PA	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	=				<					120	N.I.	Medana et al., 2003, J Infect Dis	Link
Quinolinic acid (QA)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF		>	=							281	SM > NM-NCNS; SM† > SM (consequence of impaired renal function); + correlation with hypoglycemia, renal failure, jaundice, shock, anemia and hyperlactatemia	Medana et al., 2002, J Infect Dis	Link
Quinolinic acid (QA)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF				>						121-175	CM† + CMseq > CMnseq	Dobbie et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
Quinolinic acid (QA)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	>			<	<					120	QA malawian children < QA vietnamese adults; + correlation with death (independent of renal function), history of convulsions, plasma creatinine at admission and fever duration	Medana et al., 2003, J Infect Dis	Link
Rheumatoid factor (RF)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma										125	Proportion of RF+ patients: SM (P. falciparum) = UM (P. falciparum) = P. vivax > HC	Jhaveri et al., 1997, Natl Med J India	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	N.I.	Plasma			=							50	+ correlation with total IgE (CM, NCSM), sCD21 (CM), sCD21/sCD23 ratio (CM, NCSM) and IgE/sCD23 ratio (NCSM); - correlation with sCD23 (NCSM); adjusted RNI concentrations CM > NCSM (logistic regression)	Nacher et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	Exhaled air							<		=	147	SM < HC; no association with L-arginine; the amount of exhaled NO ↑ after L-arginine infusion	Yeo et al., 2007, J Exp Med	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	Exhaled air							<		=	146	- correlation with ADMA and HRP2 (UM)	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									<	167	CM, UM < HC < AM	Anstey et al., 1996, J Exp Med	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			93	+ correlation with parasitemia; - correlation with parasite clearance time and duration of symptoms	Kremsner et al., 1996, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	n.s.									28	- correlation with duration of coma	Cot et al., 1994, J Infect Dis	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=					=	=		118	- correlation with parasitemia	Agbenyega et al., 1997, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								24	+ correlation with plasma creatinine and CSF nitrate levels	Dondorp et al., 1998, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	>					=				177	CM, UM < AM; CM† = AM	Al-Yaman et al., 1998, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	>		>							105	Light coma < deep coma; short duration of coma < long duration of coma	Agina et al., 1999, J Egypt Soc Parasitol.	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	Urine						=			<	189	CM, UM < AM, HC; AM = HC	Anstey et al., 1996, J Exp Med	Link
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)	Plasmodium falciparum	Urine		=								24	NOx (not corrected for creatinine): SM† < SM	Dondorp et al., 1998, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
RNI: TNF-a	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	<					=				177	CM, UM < AM	Al-Yaman et al., 1998, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
S100B (astrocytes)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF										36	SM = NM-NCNS; + correlation with convulsions and sGPT/ALT	Medana et al., 2005, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
S100B (astrocytes)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF			n.s.							142	Malaria = NM; + correlation with recurrence of seizures after admission	Medana et al., 2007, J Neurol Sci	Link
SC5b-9 (MAC)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										47	SM > HC; + correlation with TNF-a and Bb; - correlation with C3 and iC3b	Wenisch et al., 1997, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
sCD14	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										83	Patients with renal failure > patients without renal failure; SM, NM > HC; plasma levels ↓ after treatment; + correlation with IL-6 and TNF-a	Wenisch et al., 1996, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
sCD21	N.I.	Plasma			=							50	N.I.	Nacher et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
sCD21:sCD23	N.I.	Plasma			<							50	↑ sCD21/sCD23 ratio was associated with protection from CM (logistic regression)	Nacher et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
sCD23	N.I.	Plasma			>							50	N.I.	Nacher et al., 2002, Parasite Immunol	Link
sCD4	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	37	N.I.	Elhassan et al., 1994, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
sCD8	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=	=		97	N.I.	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
sCD8	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	41	N.I.	Elhassan et al., 1994, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
sCD8	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	48	Patients with ≤ 2 previous malaria attacks = patients with > 3 malaria attacks in the previous 2 year; levels ↓ after treatment	Kremsner et al., 1989, J Infect Dis	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF				=	=					71	Only significantly increased in the tubercular meningitis group	Brown et al., 2000, Neurology	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>	=				>		>	212	+ correlation with TNF-a	Tchinda et al., 2007, Acta Trop	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			58	SM > NM; + correlation with sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Immunology	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>*		<							48	N.I.	Deloron et al., 1994, Clin Infect Dis	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	9	+ correlation with sIL-2R	Hviid et al., 1993, Immunol Lett	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	41	N.I.	Elhassan et al., 1994, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			147	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2007, J Exp Med	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			127	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		=	86	SM > HC; SM = sepsis; sepsis > UM, HC; + correlation with E-selectin staining (IHC) on dermal microvasculature	Turner et al., 1998, Am J Pathol	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			555	Before episode < during episode > after episode	Mita-Mendoza et al., 2013, PLoS One	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	54	Levels returned to normal 3 days posttreatment; + correlation with parasitemia, sICAM-1 and TNFR1	Wenisch et al., 1994, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Serum								=	>	43	UM P.falciparum = UM P.vivax; + correlation with sVCAM-1 and borderline correlation with sICAM-1	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Immunology	Link
sEndothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF										33	CM > NM	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
sEndothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	CM < NM , CM = HC	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
sEng (sCD105, sTGF-bRIII)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum			=			>	>	=	=	126	- correlation with Blantyre coma score; + correlation with simplified multiorgan dysfunction score and plasma levels of sEng; plasma levels of sEng ↓ after ultracentrifugation	Dietmann et al., 2009. J Infect Dis	Link
Serine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	Malaria (UM + CM) = HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
sFas	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
sFas	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>					>			=	133	N.I.	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
sFas	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
sFas:PDGFbb	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>									133	CM† > UM; CM† > HC	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
sFas:VEGF	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>									133	CM† > UM; CM† > HC	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
sFasL	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		>					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
sFasL	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					=			>	133	N.I.	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
sFasL	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
sGranzyme A	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		>	111	SM > HC; + correlation with sGranzyme B	Hermsen et al., 2003, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
sGranzyme B	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		>	111	SM > HC; % of patients with ↑ sGranzyme B increased with disease severity; + correlation with sGranzyme A	Hermsen et al., 2003, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
Sialoadhesin (SA)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC			=		>					24	N.I.	Brown et al., 1999, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF										33	CM > NM	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF										71	CSF:plasma ratio of sICAM-1 is similar to the CSF:plasma ratio of albumin → sICAM-1 present in the CSF is the result of the normal exchange across the BBB and not due to production within the CNS or leakage across a damaged BBB	Brown et al., 2000, Neurology	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										50	CM = NM > HC	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>	=				>		>	212	+ correlation with TNF-a	Tchinda et al., 2007, Acta Trop	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=		=							48	N.I.	Deloron et al., 1994, Clin Infect Dis	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					=				402	Malaria (CM + UM) > NM; + correlation with IL-1a, TNF-a and IFN-g; multiple linear regression analysis determined IL-1a and TNF-a but not IFN-g as significant predictors of plasma sICAM-1 levels	McGuire et al., 1996, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			87	SM > NM; + correlation with sIL-2R, sE-selectin and sVCAM-1 (borderline p = 0.05)	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Immunology	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	9	+ correlation with sE-selectin and sIL-2R; - correlation with CD3+LFA-1hi cells	Hviid et al., 1993, Immunol Lett	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	40	N.I.	Elhassan et al., 1994, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=			38	CM > NCSM, UM (only 2 CM patients in the group)	Vogetseder et al., 2004, Trop Med Int Health	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			147	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2007, J Exp Med	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			127	+ correlation with ADMA	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			555	Before episode < during episode > after episode; + correlation with uric acid in UM	Mita-Mendoza et al., 2013, PLoS One	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		=	86	SM > HC; SM > sepsis; sepsis = UM; no correlation with ICAM-1 staining (IHC) on dermal microvasculature, as it is constitutively expressed in dermis	Turner et al., 1998, Am J Pathol	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma				>						76	CM > NM, HC	Brown et al., 2000, Neurology	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum									>	54	Levels ↓ 7 days posttreatment but remained ↑ than HC; + correlation with fever clearance time, sELAM-1 and sTNFR1	Wenisch et al., 1994, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	53	P. falciparum (UM + 3SM) > HC; P. vivax > HC	De Mast et al., 2009, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
sICAM-1 (sCD54)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Serum								=	>	38	UM P.falciparum = UM P.vivax; borderline correlation with sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Immunology	Link
SIG (strong ion gap → un-measured anions)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								268	+ correlation with plasma creatinine, bilirubin and inorganic phosphate	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link
sIL-2R (CD25)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>	>		97	Plasma levels remained ↑ 7days after treatment; + correlation with LT; - correlation with IL-4	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
sIL-2R (CD25)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								41	+ correlation with parasitemia; 3 days after treatment: levels ↓ in survivors but not in patients who died with SM† > SM and were + correlated with age	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
sIL-2R (CD25)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	39	N.I.	Elhassan et al., 1994, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
sIL-2R (CD25)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	16	None of 5 tested donors showed an ↑ in CD25 expression on T cells	Hviid et al., 1991, FEMS Microbiol Immunol	Link
sIL-2R (CD25)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						>			>	116	UM > AM = HC Congo > HC USA; UM children > UM adults	Nguyen-Dinh et al., 1988, J Infect Dis	Link
sIL-2R (CD25)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	27	NM, malaria > HC; levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with IL-1ra; - correlation with factor II+VII+X	Bygbjerg et al., 1997, APMIS	Link
sIL-2R (CD25)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Serum									>	95	UM P.falciparum = UM P.vivax; clinical P.falciparum > asymptomatic P.falciparum	Deloron et al., 1989, J Clin Microbiol	Link
sIL-4R	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			29	N.I.	Perkmann et al., 2005, Cytokine	Link
sIL-4R	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							n.s.			97	N.I.	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
sIL-6R	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								41	N.I.	Sarthou et al., 1997, Infect Immun	Link
sIL-6R	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=							48	SM > HC; plasma levels ↑ during treatment; + correlation with parasite clearance time	Wenisch et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
sIL-6R	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						>			=	76	N.I.	Jakobsen et al., 1994, Infect Immun	Link
sIL-6R	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	48	NM, malaria > HC; levels ↑ 3 days after start of treatment	Bygbjerg et al., 1997, APMIS	Link
sL-selectin (sCD62L)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										64	Malaria > HC; levels ↓ during treatment	Wenisch et al., 1995, J Infect Dis	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Pages

(L-)Arginine
2,3-bisphospho-glycerate (BPG)
3-hydroxy-butyrate (3-OHB)
5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA)
a1-antitrypsin
a2-macroglobulin
Acetylhydrolase (AH) activity (PAF → lyso-PAF)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Activated protein C (aPC)
ADAMTS13 (activity)
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
Adiponectin
Alanine
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
ANG1
ANG2
ANG2:ANG1
Angiostatin
Anti-a-galactosyl IgG
Anti-dsDNA Ab
Anti-dsDNA IgG
Anti-nuclear Ab (ANA)
Anti-ribonucleo-protein (RNP) IgG
Anti-rosetting activity
Anti-ssDNA Ab
Anti-ssDNA IgG
Antithrombin-III (AT-III)
Apo A
Apo B
Arginase
Ascorbate
Ascorbic acid
Asparagine
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Assymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)
b-amyloid precursor protein (b-APP) (axons)
b2-glycoprotein 1 (Apo H)
Bicarbonate
Bicyclo-PGE2
Bicyclo-PGE2/ creatinine
Big endothelin-1 (bET1)
Bilirubin
Bilirubin (Bb)
Biopterin
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C-peptide
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)
C1q
C3
C4
C4d
C4d:C4
Calcium
Carboxyhemoglobin
CCL11 (Eotaxin)
CCL2 (MCP-1)
CCL3 (MIP-1a)
CCL4 (MIP-1b)
CCL5 (RANTES)
CCR1
CCR3
CCR5
CD23 (FceRII)
CD36
CD68
Cellular DNA strand break (apoptosis)
Chloride
Ciliary neutrophic factor (CNTF)
Circulating immune complexes (CIC)
Class I HLA
Cortisol
COX-1
COX-2
creatinin kinase muscle brain (CK-MB)
creatinine
CRP
CTGF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL10 (IP-10):PDGFbb
CXCL10 (IP-10):VEGF
CXCL11 (I-TAC)
CXCL12(a) (SDF-1)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL7 (NAP-2)
CXCL8 (IL-8)
CXCL8 (IL-8) mRNA
CXCL9 (MIG)
Cystatin C
Dihydrobiopterin (BH2)
E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E)
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
Endothelin-1 (Et-1)
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
Eosinophil protein X (EPX)
Epinephrine
EPO
Factor B
Factor II+VII+X
Factor IX
Factor V
Factor VIII
Factor XII
Factor XIII
Ferritin
FFA
FGF basic protein
Fibrin
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen leakage
Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)
G-CSF
Glucagon
Glucose
Glutamic acid
Glycerol
Glycine
Glycine-rich b-glycoprotein (GBG)
GM-CSF
Haptoglobin
HDL-cholesterol
HDL:total cholesterol
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP)
Hepcidin
His:ΣNAA (%)
Histamine
Histidine
HMGB1
HMW-kininogen
HO-1
Human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL)
iC3
iC3:C3
ICAM-1 (CD54)
IFN-g
IFN-g mRNA
IgA-immune complexes (IC)
IgE against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgE-immune complexes (IC)
IgG against a-galactosyl
IgG against b-tubulin 3 (TBB3) (brain)
IgG against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG against C2 fragment of RAP1
IgG against cardiolipin (CL)
IgG against conserved C-terminal ATS domain of PfEMP-1
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP119
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP142
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP2 (K1 17/14)
IgG against conserved N-terminal block 1 region of MSP1
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2 (FC27-type protein T9/105 12/6)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2A (IC1/3D7-type protein T9/96 13/14)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2B (GF/88)
IgG against full-length FC27-type protein or against polymorphic regions of MSP2
IgG against g-aminobutyric acid synthesizing enzyme (GAD)
IgG against highly conserved N-terminal DBL-1a domains of PfEMP-1
IgG against MSP3
IgG against MSPall (MSP119+ MSP2A + MSP2B)
IgG against muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
IgG against N-terminus of SERA5 (SE36)
IgG against non-erythroid spectrin (a and b) (brain)
IgG against non-infected RBC protein extract
IgG against P-/Q- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC)
IgG against PfEMP-13D7
IgG against phosphatidylcholine (PC)
IgG against phosphatidylinositol (PI)
IgG against Plasmodial GPI
IgG against rifin (rif-29)
IgG against rifin (rif-29, -40, -44, -50)
IgG against the ectodomein of AMA1
IgG against total brain protein extract
IgG against voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC)
IgG against VSA
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1 (RO33 type)
IgG anti-IgE
IgG-immune complexes (IC)
IgG1 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG1 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG1,IgG3 against GLURP (R0 and R2)
IgG1-immune complexes (IC)
IgG2 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG2 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG2-immune complexes (IC)
IgG3 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG3 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG3-immune complexes (IC)
IgG4 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG4 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG4-immune complexes (IC)
IgG:IgE
IgM against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgM against PC
IgM against PI
IgM against Plasmodial GPI
IgM against total brain protein extract
IL-1
IL-10
IL-10 mRNA
IL-10:IL-12
IL-10:TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12a mRNA
IL-12p40
IL-12p40/p70
IL-12p70
IL-13
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18 mRNA
IL-1a
IL-1b
IL-1ra
IL-1ra:IL-1b
IL-2
IL-2 mRNA
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-6:IL-10
IL-6Rb (gp130)
IL-7
IL-9
Inorganic phosphate
Insulin
Isoleucine
Kallikrein inhibitor
Kininase I
Kynurenic acid (KA)
L-arg:ADMA
L-arg:ornithine
L-Phenylalanine
Lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate:pyruvate
LDL-cholesterol
Leucine
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
LT
Lysine
Lyso-platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF)
Lysozyme
m-(mu)Calpain (I)
m-Calpain (II)
Macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)
Magnesium
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
Methemoglobin
Methionine
Microparticles (endothelial cell-derived)
Microparticles (erythrocyte-derived)
Microparticles (platelet-derived)
Microparticles (total)
MIF
MMP-1
MMP-8
MMP-9
Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14, S100A9)
Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8, S100A8)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Myoglobin
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)
Neopterin
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)
Norepinephrine
NOS
NOS2
O2-carrying capacity
Occludin
Ornithine
Parasite-spec IgA
Parasite-spec IgE
Parasite-spec IgG
Parasite-spec IgG1
Parasite-spec IgG2
Parasite-spec IgG3
Parasite-spec IgG4
Parasite-spec IgM
PC inhibitor-1 (PCI-1)
PDGFbb
PECAM-1 (CD31)
Phe:ΣNAA (%)
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
Picolinic acid (PA)
Plasminogen
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Platelet activating factor (PAF)
Potassium
Prekallikrein
Protein C (PC)
Protein S
Prothrombin fragment F1+2 : activated protein C (aPC)
Prothrombin time (PT)
QA:KA
QA:PA
Quinolinic acid (QA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)
RNI: TNF-a
S100B (astrocytes)
SC5b-9 (MAC)
sCD14
sCD21
sCD21:sCD23
sCD23
sCD4
sCD8
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)
sEndothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
sEng (sCD105, sTGF-bRIII)
Serine
sFas
sFas:PDGFbb
sFas:VEGF
sFasL
sGranzyme A
sGranzyme B
Sialoadhesin (SA)
sICAM-1 (sCD54)
SIG (strong ion gap → un-measured anions)
sIL-2R (CD25)
sIL-4R
sIL-6R
sL-selectin (sCD62L)
sLaminin
Sodium
sP-selectin (sCD62P)
sThrombomodulin (sTM)
sTissue factor (sTF)
sTNF-R1
sTNF-R2
sTNF-R2: PDGFbb
sTNF-R2:VEGF
sTransferrin receptor (sTfR)
suPAR
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)
sVEGFR1
sVEGFR2
Symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA)
Tau (axons)
Taurine
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
TGF-b mRNA
TGF-b1
TGF-b1:IL-12
TGF-b1:TNF-a
TGF-b2
TGF-b3
Threonine
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)
Thrombomodulin (TM)
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)
TIMP-1
TIMP-2
Tissue factor (TF)
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
TLR2
TLR4
TLR9
TNF
TNF mRNA
TNF-a
TNF-a:IL-10
TNF-a:sTNF-R1
TNF-a:sTNF-R1/2
TNF-a:sTNF-R2
TNF:IL-10
Total cholesterol
Total IgA
Total IgE
Total IgE:sCD23
Total IgG
Total IgM
Total kininogen
Transferrin
Triglycerides
Trp:ΣNAA (%)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Tyr:Phe (%)
Tyr:ΣNAA (%)
Tyrosine
uPAR
Urea
Uric acid
Valine
VCAM-1 (CD106)
VEGF
VEGFR1
Vinculin
vWF
vWF activation factors
vWF propeptide
vWF(:Ag)
vWF(CB:Ag)
ZO-1

Asian, African and Caucasian travelers
Bangladesh
Brazil
Britain, Ghana
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (Mossi etnic group)
Burundi
Burundi, Congo, France
Cameroon
Canada
China
Congo
Denmark
Ethiopia
European travelers
European travelers, Africa
France
Gabon
Ghana
Ghana and travelers of mixed origin
Guinea-Bissau
India
India
Indonesia
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Kenya vs European and Kenyan Con
Kenya vs European Con
Kenya vs USA Con
Madagascar
Madagascar, France
Malawi
Malawi vs European Con
Mali
Mixed group
Mixed origin with mixed malaria species
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nigeria
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Senegal
Solomon Island
South Africa
Sri Lanka
St. Tomé
Sudan
Sudan, Ethiopia
Tanzania
Thailand
Thailand, Tanzania
The Gambia
The Gambia vs European Con
The Gambia vs Giambian and European Con
Uganda
Uganda vs American Con
Vietnam
Vietnam vs European Con
Vietnam vs Vietnamese and European Con
Vietnam, Myanmar
Yemen
Zambia