Human data

Expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, adhesion molecules, angiogenic and coagulation factors, metabolic molecules, etc. in different organs e.g. serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and postmortem (PM) brains, are compared between several patient groups according to severity and complication [e.g. lethal (†) versus non-lethal cerebral malaria (CM), CM versus uncomplicated malaria (UM), severe malaria (SM)/non-cerebral severe malaria (NCSM) versus UM, UM versus healthy controls (HC)]. Information on the country, transmission level, parasite species, adult versus pediatric patients, patient number, additional clinical or correlation data, references (Refs), and a hyperlink to the original paper in the PubMed database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) is included for each molecule listed in the database.

Dynamic fields: these are the columns that you can select to show in the output table. See also "How to use MalarImDB?" for more information.

Abbreviations: AM, asymptomatic malaria; N.I., not indicated; NM, non-malaria patients; NM-CNS, NM patients with involvement of the central nervous system; NM-NCNS, NM patients without CNS involvement; n.s., not significant; >, higher levels than; <, lower levels than; =, similar levels; ≤, lower or similar levels than; >*, when adjusted for interactions with other complications (multivariate analysis), the association looses it's significance

	Select	Field
	Full
	Molecular group
	Molecule/Cell
	Plasmodium strain
	Organ
	Population
	Transmission
	Adult/Pediatric
	CM† vs CM
	SM† vs SM
	CM vs NCSM
	CM vs NM-CNS
	CM vs NM-NCNS
	CM vs UM
	SM/NCSM vs UM
	UM vs NM
	UM vs HC
	Patient number
	Additional differences
	Refs
	PubMed

Molecule/Cell	Plasmodium strain	Organ	CM† vs CM	SM† vs SM	CM vs NCSM	CM vs NM-CNS	CM vs NM-NCNS	CM vs UM	SM/NCSM vs UM	UM vs NM	UM vs HC	Patient number	Additional differences	Refs	PubMed
C4	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							=		=	283	N.I.	Phanuphak et al., 1985, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
C4	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum/Plasma						=		<		89	N.I.	Greenwood et al., 1974, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
C4	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma							=		<	125	P. falciparum = P. vivax < HC	Jhaveri et al., 1997, Natl Med J India	Link
C4d	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										47	SM > HC; + correlation with C4 and C3	Wenisch et al., 1997, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
C4d:C4	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										47	SM > HC; remained ↑ 7 days after start of treatment	Wenisch et al., 1997, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
Calcium	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=								268	N.I.	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link
Carboxyhemoglobin	Plasmodium falciparum	Finger pulse co-oximeter measurement							>		>	117	+ correlation with disease severity and blood lactate levels (SM group); + correlation with parasite biomass (malaria group); - correlation with Hb levels at enrollment ( SM group and malaria group)	Yeo et al., 2013, J Infect Dis	Link
CCL11 (Eotaxin)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CCL11 (Eotaxin)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CCL2 (MCP-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF					=					84	CM patients: CSF > Serum	John et al., 2008, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
CCL2 (MCP-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CCL2 (MCP-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	>					=				209	CM > HC	John et al., 2008, Cytokine	Link
CCL2 (MCP-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CCL2 (MCP-1)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									>	255	UM vivax = UM falciparum > HC; P. vivax and P. falciparum: anemic patients = non-anemic patients; patients without parasite-specific IgM, IgG = patients with parasite-specific IgM, IgG: + correlation with parasitemia	Fernandes et al., 2006, Clin Vaccine Immunol	Link
CCL3 (MIP-1a)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF					=					84	CM patients: CSF < Serum	John et al., 2008, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
CCL3 (MIP-1a)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CCL3 (MIP-1a)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum						=			>	217	- correlation with platelet count	John et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
CCL3 (MIP-1a)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										35	SM > HC; MIP-1a ↑ until day 14 posttreatment and ↓ after it; + correlation with serum IL-8	Burgmann et al., 1995, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
CCL3 (MIP-1a)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CCL4 (MIP-1b)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF					=					84	CM patients: CSF < Serum	John et al., 2008, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
CCL4 (MIP-1b)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			>		>					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CCL4 (MIP-1b)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					=			>	133	N.I.	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
CCL4 (MIP-1b)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	>					=			>	217	N.I.	John et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
CCL4 (MIP-1b)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CCL5 (RANTES)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)					>					18	by RT-PCR and Western blotting	Sarfo et al., 2004, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
CCL5 (RANTES)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF					=					84	CM patients: CSF < Serum	John et al., 2008, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
CCL5 (RANTES)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CCL5 (RANTES)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	<					<				217	CM < HC; + correlation with platelet count; association with death from CM	John et al., 2006, J Infect Dis	Link
CCL5 (RANTES)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CCR1	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)					=					18	mRNA levels, by RT-PCR	Sarfo et al., 2004, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
CCR3	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)					>					18	mRNA levels, by RT-PCR; not detected by Western blotting	Sarfo et al., 2004, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
CCR5	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)					>					18	by RT-PCR and Western blotting	Sarfo et al., 2004, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
CCR5	Plasmodium falciparum	PBMC										356	Malaria (SM + UM) > convalescent samples	Jenkins et al., 2006, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
CD23 (FceRII)	Plasmodium falciparum	PBMC										356	Malaria (SM + UM) > convalescent samples; a smaller ↑ in the expression of CD23 on monocytes is independently associated with SM	Jenkins et al., 2006, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
CD36	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC					>					18	No staining in brains from patients who died from NM causes	Ockenhouse et al., 1992, J Exp Med	Link
CD36	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC					=					18	+ correlation with sequestration of pRBC; staining low to absent in all brains; strong staining in liver, lung, spleen and muscle (also in NM cases)	Turner et al., 1994, Am J Pathol	Link
CD68	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC										7	Expression of CD68 (indicator of activation and phagocytic activity) on microglial cells within petechial bleedings and gray matter of CM patients	Schluesener et al., 1998, Acta Neuropathol	Link
Cellular DNA strand break (apoptosis)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC										7	Many apoptotic cells within the vessel lumen and in glial cells and neurons of CM patients	Schluesener et al., 1998, Acta Neuropathol	Link
Chloride	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		<								268	N.I.	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link
Ciliary neutrophic factor (CNTF)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			<							48	CM, RF < NCSM, HC; plasma levels returned to normal 24h after treatment	Wenisch et al., 1999, J Infect Dis	Link
Circulating immune complexes (CIC)	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Plasma							=		>	125	P. falciparum > P. vivax = HC	Jhaveri et al., 1997, Natl Med J India	Link
Class I HLA	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC					=					18	N.I.	Turner et al., 1994, Am J Pathol	Link
Cortisol	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						>			>	25	+ correlation with plasma adiponectin	Blümer et al., 2005, Metabolism	Link
Cortisol	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										13	CM > HC	Van Thien et al., 2001, QJM	Link
Cortisol	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									>	16	N.I.	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
Cortisol	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										48	Malaria (UM + CM) > HC	Enwonwu et al., 1999, QJM	Link
COX-1	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC					>					14	In macrophages/microglial cells (in Dürck’s granulomas)	Deininger et al., 2000, J Neuroimmunol	Link
COX-2	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC					>					14	In astrocytes and endothelial cells	Deininger et al., 2000, J Neuroimmunol	Link
creatinin kinase muscle brain (CK-MB)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>					>			400	+ correlation with plasma H-FABP, myoglobin, NT-proBNP, CM and impaired consciousness; - correlation with glucose levels and Hb	Ehrhardt et al., 2005, Microbes Infect	Link
creatinine	N.I.	Plasma	>									50	N.I.	Oguche et al., 2002, West Afr J Med	Link
creatinine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										306	SM† = SMseq > SMnseq; CM + RD > RD > CM, hyperparasitemia/prostration	English et al., 1997, QJM	Link
creatinine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			146	N.I.	Yeo et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	Link
creatinine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								24	N.I.	Dondorp et al., 1998, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
creatinine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			127	+ correlation with ADMA and SDMA	Yeo et al., 2010, PLoS Pathog	Link
creatinine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		>								268	+ correlation with strong ion gap (representing unmeasured anions)	Dondorp et al., 2004, Crit Care Med	Link
creatinine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										13	CM = HC	Van Thien et al., 2001, QJM	Link
creatinine	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma									=	16	N.I.	Dekker et al., 1997, Am J Physiol	Link
creatinine	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum							>			56	N.I.	Löwenberg et al., 2010, Thromb Heamost	Link
creatinine	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										35	SM > HC	Davis et al., 1995, J Infect	Link
creatinine	Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax	Serum									=	28	P. falciparum = P. vivax	Davis et al., 1993, J Infect	Link
CRP	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma			=			=	=	=	>	179		Burté et al., 2013, Blood	Link
CRP	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=					<		>	566	UM hospitalized = UM not-hospitalized; + correlation with Blantyre coma score	O'Donnell et al., 2009, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
CRP	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma										253	Malaria > HC	Hollestelle et al., 2006, Br J Haematol	Link
CRP	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>			93	Plasma levels ↓ during treatment; + correlation with neopterin, parasite clearance time, parasitemia and duration of symptoms after therapy	Kremsner et al., 1996, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg	Link
CRP	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							>		>	111	N.I.	Hermsen et al., 2003, Clin Exp Immunol	Link
CTGF	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)					n.s.					13	Perivascular deposits	Deininger et al., 2003, J Neuroimmunol	Link
CXCL10 (IP-10)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			>		>					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CXCL10 (IP-10)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>					>			=	80	ROC curve analysis showed that plasma CXCL10 levels independently descriminated between HC and UM, between HC and CM† ,UM and CM† and between CM survivors and CM†	Wilson et al., 2011, Dis Markers	Link
CXCL10 (IP-10)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=								n.s.	133	CM† > UM; CM(survivors) = UM	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
CXCL10 (IP-10)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			>		>					19	SMA = NM-NCNS	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CXCL10 (IP-10):PDGFbb	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			>		>					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CXCL10 (IP-10):PDGFbb	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>									133	CM† > UM; CM† > HC	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
CXCL10 (IP-10):VEGF	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>									133	CM† > UM; CM† > HC	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
CXCL11 (I-TAC)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CXCL11 (I-TAC)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					=				80	N.I.	Wilson et al., 2011, Dis Markers	Link
CXCL11 (I-TAC)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CXCL12(a) (SDF-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CXCL12(a) (SDF-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma						=			>	214	CM > HC; CM, UM, HC = AM; mean % of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (CD34+ VEGFR2+ cells or CD34+ CD133+ cells) was ↓ in CM patients compared with patients from the other groups (UM, AM, SMA, HC)	Gyan et al., 2009, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
CXCL12(a) (SDF-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CXCL4 (PF-4)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	>					=			=	80	ROC curve analysis showed that plasma CXCL4 levels independently descriminated between HC and CM†, between UM and CM† and between CM survivors and CM†	Wilson et al., 2011, Dis Markers	Link
CXCL7 (NAP-2)	Plasmodium falciparum	Platelet-poor plasma										52	Malaria (SM + UM) > HC; levels increased upon start of antimalarial treatment; + correlation with plasma ANG1 and VEGF	Brouwers et al., 2012, PLoS One	Link
CXCL8 (IL-8)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF					>					84	CM patients: CSF > Serum	John et al., 2008, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
CXCL8 (IL-8)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF (PM)			>		>					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CXCL8 (IL-8)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					>			>	133	N.I.	Jain et al., 2008, Malar J	Link
CXCL8 (IL-8)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	=		=				=		=	748	SM > HC	Lyke et al., 2004, Infect Immun	Link
CXCL8 (IL-8)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum	=					>			>	209	N.I.	John et al., 2008, Cytokine	Link
CXCL8 (IL-8)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum			=			=	=	=	<	179	CM = NM; SM/NCSM = NM	Burté et al., 2013, Blood	Link
CXCL8 (IL-8)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum										35	SM > HC; IL-8 ↑ until day 14 posttreatment and ↓ after it; + correlation with serum MIP-1a and parasitemia	Burgmann et al., 1995, Clin Immunol Immunopathol	Link
CXCL8 (IL-8)	Plasmodium falciparum	Serum (PM)			=		=					19	N.I.	Armah et al., 2007, Malar J	Link
CXCL8 (IL-8)	Plasmodium vivax	Plasma									< (ns)	99	HC were the same patients 3 weeks after treatment; nontransmitters = transmitters	Abeles et al., 2013, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
CXCL8 (IL-8) mRNA	Plasmodium falciparum	Blood							=	>	>	88	SM = HC	Lourembam et al., 2013, Cytokine	Link
CXCL9 (MIG)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma	=					=				80	N.I.	Wilson et al., 2011, Dis Markers	Link
Cystatin C	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma		=					>			400	No association with any symptoms of SM	Ehrhardt et al., 2005, Microbes Infect	Link
Dihydrobiopterin (BH2)	Plasmodium falciparum	CSF	>			>						121-175	CMseq = CMnseq	Dobbie et al., 2000, Am J Trop Med Hyg	Link
E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC			=		>					21	+ correlation with sequestration of pRBC; only vascular staining; receptor staining also in vessels without pRBC sequestration → receptor upregulation is not solely the result of pRBC binding to a specific EC, but more likely the result of systemically produced soluble mediators; also pRBC sequestration without receptor expression; the only NM patient to show E-selectin staining was the child that died of Salmonella septicaemia (< fatal malaria) ; receptor staining and pRBC sequestration in cerebellum > receptor staining and pRBC sequestration in cerebrum and brainstem	Armah et al., 2005, Ann Trop Med Parasitol	Link
E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC					>					18	No staining in brains from patients who died from NM causes	Ockenhouse et al., 1992, J Exp Med	Link
E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC					>					18	+ correlation with sequestration of pRBC; no staining in NM patients; also increased expression in muscle, lung, liver, spleen and kidney	Turner et al., 1994, Am J Pathol	Link
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)	Plasmodium falciparum	Brain (PM)-IHC				<						10	- correlation with pRBC sequestration	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)	Plasmodium falciparum	Endothelial cells (subcutaneous fat tissue)										37	CM < HC	Moxon et al., 2013, Blood	Link
Endothelin-1 (Et-1)	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasma							=		>	114	SM > HC; after 24h plasma levels of UM patients remained higher that plasma levels from HC patients	Dietmann et al., 2008, Malar J	Link

Rega Institute for Medical Research

Pages

(L-)Arginine
2,3-bisphospho-glycerate (BPG)
3-hydroxy-butyrate (3-OHB)
5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA)
a1-antitrypsin
a2-macroglobulin
Acetylhydrolase (AH) activity (PAF → lyso-PAF)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
Activated protein C (aPC)
ADAMTS13 (activity)
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
Adiponectin
Alanine
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Albumin
Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
ANG1
ANG2
ANG2:ANG1
Angiostatin
Anti-a-galactosyl IgG
Anti-dsDNA Ab
Anti-dsDNA IgG
Anti-nuclear Ab (ANA)
Anti-ribonucleo-protein (RNP) IgG
Anti-rosetting activity
Anti-ssDNA Ab
Anti-ssDNA IgG
Antithrombin-III (AT-III)
Apo A
Apo B
Arginase
Ascorbate
Ascorbic acid
Asparagine
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Assymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA)
b-amyloid precursor protein (b-APP) (axons)
b2-glycoprotein 1 (Apo H)
Bicarbonate
Bicyclo-PGE2
Bicyclo-PGE2/ creatinine
Big endothelin-1 (bET1)
Bilirubin
Bilirubin (Bb)
Biopterin
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C-peptide
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)
C1q
C3
C4
C4d
C4d:C4
Calcium
Carboxyhemoglobin
CCL11 (Eotaxin)
CCL2 (MCP-1)
CCL3 (MIP-1a)
CCL4 (MIP-1b)
CCL5 (RANTES)
CCR1
CCR3
CCR5
CD23 (FceRII)
CD36
CD68
Cellular DNA strand break (apoptosis)
Chloride
Ciliary neutrophic factor (CNTF)
Circulating immune complexes (CIC)
Class I HLA
Cortisol
COX-1
COX-2
creatinin kinase muscle brain (CK-MB)
creatinine
CRP
CTGF
CXCL10 (IP-10)
CXCL10 (IP-10):PDGFbb
CXCL10 (IP-10):VEGF
CXCL11 (I-TAC)
CXCL12(a) (SDF-1)
CXCL4 (PF-4)
CXCL7 (NAP-2)
CXCL8 (IL-8)
CXCL8 (IL-8) mRNA
CXCL9 (MIG)
Cystatin C
Dihydrobiopterin (BH2)
E-selectin (ELAM-1, CD62E)
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
Endothelin-1 (Et-1)
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
Eosinophil protein X (EPX)
Epinephrine
EPO
Factor B
Factor II+VII+X
Factor IX
Factor V
Factor VIII
Factor XII
Factor XIII
Ferritin
FFA
FGF basic protein
Fibrin
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen leakage
Fibrinopeptide A (FPA)
G-CSF
Glucagon
Glucose
Glutamic acid
Glycerol
Glycine
Glycine-rich b-glycoprotein (GBG)
GM-CSF
Haptoglobin
HDL-cholesterol
HDL:total cholesterol
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP)
Hepcidin
His:ΣNAA (%)
Histamine
Histidine
HMGB1
HMW-kininogen
HO-1
Human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL)
iC3
iC3:C3
ICAM-1 (CD54)
IFN-g
IFN-g mRNA
IgA-immune complexes (IC)
IgE against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgE-immune complexes (IC)
IgG against a-galactosyl
IgG against b-tubulin 3 (TBB3) (brain)
IgG against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG against C2 fragment of RAP1
IgG against cardiolipin (CL)
IgG against conserved C-terminal ATS domain of PfEMP-1
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP119
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP142
IgG against conserved C-terminal region of MSP2 (K1 17/14)
IgG against conserved N-terminal block 1 region of MSP1
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2 (FC27-type protein T9/105 12/6)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2A (IC1/3D7-type protein T9/96 13/14)
IgG against dimorphic type of MSP2B (GF/88)
IgG against full-length FC27-type protein or against polymorphic regions of MSP2
IgG against g-aminobutyric acid synthesizing enzyme (GAD)
IgG against highly conserved N-terminal DBL-1a domains of PfEMP-1
IgG against MSP3
IgG against MSPall (MSP119+ MSP2A + MSP2B)
IgG against muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
IgG against N-terminus of SERA5 (SE36)
IgG against non-erythroid spectrin (a and b) (brain)
IgG against non-infected RBC protein extract
IgG against P-/Q- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC)
IgG against PfEMP-13D7
IgG against phosphatidylcholine (PC)
IgG against phosphatidylinositol (PI)
IgG against Plasmodial GPI
IgG against rifin (rif-29)
IgG against rifin (rif-29, -40, -44, -50)
IgG against the ectodomein of AMA1
IgG against total brain protein extract
IgG against voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC)
IgG against VSA
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1
IgG against ↑ polymorphic N-terminal block 2 region of MSP1 (RO33 type)
IgG anti-IgE
IgG-immune complexes (IC)
IgG1 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG1 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG1,IgG3 against GLURP (R0 and R2)
IgG1-immune complexes (IC)
IgG2 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG2 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG2-immune complexes (IC)
IgG3 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG3 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG3-immune complexes (IC)
IgG4 against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgG4 against rifin (rif-29)
IgG4-immune complexes (IC)
IgG:IgE
IgM against C-terminus of Pf332-C231
IgM against PC
IgM against PI
IgM against Plasmodial GPI
IgM against total brain protein extract
IL-1
IL-10
IL-10 mRNA
IL-10:IL-12
IL-10:TNF-a
IL-12
IL-12a mRNA
IL-12p40
IL-12p40/p70
IL-12p70
IL-13
IL-15
IL-17
IL-18
IL-18 mRNA
IL-1a
IL-1b
IL-1ra
IL-1ra:IL-1b
IL-2
IL-2 mRNA
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-6:IL-10
IL-6Rb (gp130)
IL-7
IL-9
Inorganic phosphate
Insulin
Isoleucine
Kallikrein inhibitor
Kininase I
Kynurenic acid (KA)
L-arg:ADMA
L-arg:ornithine
L-Phenylalanine
Lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate:pyruvate
LDL-cholesterol
Leucine
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
LT
Lysine
Lyso-platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF)
Lysozyme
m-(mu)Calpain (I)
m-Calpain (II)
Macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)
Magnesium
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
Methemoglobin
Methionine
Microparticles (endothelial cell-derived)
Microparticles (erythrocyte-derived)
Microparticles (platelet-derived)
Microparticles (total)
MIF
MMP-1
MMP-8
MMP-9
Myeloid-related protein 14 (MRP14, S100A9)
Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8, S100A8)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Myoglobin
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)
Neopterin
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Neutrophil elastase (ELA2, HNE)
NO2- + NO3-(NOx)
Norepinephrine
NOS
NOS2
O2-carrying capacity
Occludin
Ornithine
Parasite-spec IgA
Parasite-spec IgE
Parasite-spec IgG
Parasite-spec IgG1
Parasite-spec IgG2
Parasite-spec IgG3
Parasite-spec IgG4
Parasite-spec IgM
PC inhibitor-1 (PCI-1)
PDGFbb
PECAM-1 (CD31)
Phe:ΣNAA (%)
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
Picolinic acid (PA)
Plasminogen
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Platelet activating factor (PAF)
Potassium
Prekallikrein
Protein C (PC)
Protein S
Prothrombin fragment F1+2 : activated protein C (aPC)
Prothrombin time (PT)
QA:KA
QA:PA
Quinolinic acid (QA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
RNI (NO2-/NO3-, NOx)
RNI: TNF-a
S100B (astrocytes)
SC5b-9 (MAC)
sCD14
sCD21
sCD21:sCD23
sCD23
sCD4
sCD8
sE-selectin (sELAM-1, sCD62E)
sEndothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)
sEng (sCD105, sTGF-bRIII)
Serine
sFas
sFas:PDGFbb
sFas:VEGF
sFasL
sGranzyme A
sGranzyme B
Sialoadhesin (SA)
sICAM-1 (sCD54)
SIG (strong ion gap → un-measured anions)
sIL-2R (CD25)
sIL-4R
sIL-6R
sL-selectin (sCD62L)
sLaminin
Sodium
sP-selectin (sCD62P)
sThrombomodulin (sTM)
sTissue factor (sTF)
sTNF-R1
sTNF-R2
sTNF-R2: PDGFbb
sTNF-R2:VEGF
sTransferrin receptor (sTfR)
suPAR
sVCAM-1 (sCD106)
sVEGFR1
sVEGFR2
Symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA)
Tau (axons)
Taurine
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
TGF-b mRNA
TGF-b1
TGF-b1:IL-12
TGF-b1:TNF-a
TGF-b2
TGF-b3
Threonine
Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT)
Thrombomodulin (TM)
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)
TIMP-1
TIMP-2
Tissue factor (TF)
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
TLR2
TLR4
TLR9
TNF
TNF mRNA
TNF-a
TNF-a:IL-10
TNF-a:sTNF-R1
TNF-a:sTNF-R1/2
TNF-a:sTNF-R2
TNF:IL-10
Total cholesterol
Total IgA
Total IgE
Total IgE:sCD23
Total IgG
Total IgM
Total kininogen
Transferrin
Triglycerides
Trp:ΣNAA (%)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Tyr:Phe (%)
Tyr:ΣNAA (%)
Tyrosine
uPAR
Urea
Uric acid
Valine
VCAM-1 (CD106)
VEGF
VEGFR1
Vinculin
vWF
vWF activation factors
vWF propeptide
vWF(:Ag)
vWF(CB:Ag)
ZO-1

Asian, African and Caucasian travelers
Bangladesh
Brazil
Britain, Ghana
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (Mossi etnic group)
Burundi
Burundi, Congo, France
Cameroon
Canada
China
Congo
Denmark
Ethiopia
European travelers
European travelers, Africa
France
Gabon
Ghana
Ghana and travelers of mixed origin
Guinea-Bissau
India
India
Indonesia
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Kenya vs European and Kenyan Con
Kenya vs European Con
Kenya vs USA Con
Madagascar
Madagascar, France
Malawi
Malawi vs European Con
Mali
Mixed group
Mixed origin with mixed malaria species
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nigeria
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Senegal
Solomon Island
South Africa
Sri Lanka
St. Tomé
Sudan
Sudan, Ethiopia
Tanzania
Thailand
Thailand, Tanzania
The Gambia
The Gambia vs European Con
The Gambia vs Giambian and European Con
Uganda
Uganda vs American Con
Vietnam
Vietnam vs European Con
Vietnam vs Vietnamese and European Con
Vietnam, Myanmar
Yemen
Zambia